Cigarette smoking and the harmful chemicals released during smoking have negative effects on oral health. As a measure of harm reduction, a new alternative tobacco heating system (THS) has been ...developed. The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the effects of conventional cigarettes and THS on the oral mucosa, the salivary flow rate (SFR), halitosis, and the load of Candida spp. The study included 20 tobacco heating smokers, 20 conventional cigarette smokers, and 20 nonsmokers. The subjects completed questionnaires on medical information, smoking habits, oral lesions, and symptoms. A clinical examination and SFR test were performed on each subject, followed by an organoleptic assessment of halitosis. Mucosal swabs were collected and cult ured to identify Candida spp. Significant differences were found between the smoking groups in relation to halitosis (p < 0.001; ε2 = 0.624), intraoral findings (p < 0.001; ε2 = 0.507), SFR (p < 0.001; ε2 = 0.0331) and dry mouth for subjective complaints (p = 0.021; ε2 = 0.363). The SFR was significantly lower; however, halitosis, the prevalence of intraoral findings, and dry mouth were significantly higher among smokers, but there were no significant differences between THS and conventional smokers. The present study suggests that THS smoking has similar effects on oral tissues, especially the SFR and halitosis, as conventional cigarette smoking.
Purpose: P2Y2 receptors (P2Y2Rs) are among the various receptors that play an important role in nociception. The goal of this research was to investigate possible P2Y2R expression changes in the ...trigeminal ganglion (TRG) in bilateral masseter muscle (MM) hypersensitivity following unilateral MM inflammation. The impact of unilateral intramasseteric administration of P2Y2R antagonist on bilateral MM hypersensitivity was also explored. Materials and Methods: Bilateral MM hypersensitivity was provoked by unilateral intramasseteric injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). The head withdrawal threshold (HWT) was assessed bilaterally 4 days later. Bilateral TRG and MM isolation were followed, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and histopathological analysis were carried out on these tissues, respectively. The involvement of P2Y2Rs in nocifensive behavior was evaluated by administering two doses of P2Y2R antagonist AR-C118925 (0.2 or 1 mg/100 μL) in inflamed MM 4 days post-CFA administration. Bilateral HWT was assessed at different time points following antagonist injection. Results: qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated P2Y2R up-regulation in TRG ipsilateral to the site of CFA administration. Compared to the controls, both doses of AR-C118925 injected ipsilateral to the TRG increased the bilateral HWT at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after antagonist administration. Conclusion: The findings suggest that P2Y2Rs may affect MM inflammatory hypersensitivity owing to its up-regulation in the TRG in MM inflammatory pain states.
To determine the relationship between bilateral allodynia induced by masseter inflammation and P2X3 receptor expression changes in trigeminal ganglia (TRG) and the influence of intramasseteric P2X3 ...antagonist administration on bilateral masseter allodynia.
To induce bilateral allodynia, rats received a unilateral injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the masseter muscle. Bilateral head withdrawal threshold (HWT) was measured 4 days later. Behavioral measurements were followed by bilateral masseter muscle and TRG dissection. Masseter tissue was evaluated histopathologically and TRG tissue was analyzed for P2X3 receptor mRNA expression by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. To assess the P2X3 receptor involvement in nocifensive behavior, two doses (6 and 60 μg/50 μL) of selective P2X3 antagonist A-317491 were administrated into the inflamed masseter muscle 4 days after the CFA injection. Bilateral HWT was measured at 15-, 30-, 60-, and 120-minute time points.
HWT was bilaterally reduced after the CFA injection (P<0.001). Intramasseteric inflammation was confirmed ipsilaterally to the CFA injection. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated enhanced P2X3 expression in TRG ipsilaterally to CFA administration (P<0.01). In comparison with controls, the dose of 6 μg of A-317491 significantly increased bilateral HWT at 15-, 30-, and 60-minute time points after the A-317491 administration (P<0.001), whereas the dose of 60 μg of A-317491 was efficient at all time points ipsilaterally (P=0.004) and at 15-, 30-, and 60-minute time points contralaterally (P<0.001).
Unilateral masseter inflammation can induce bilateral allodynia in rats. The study provided evidence that P2X3 receptors can functionally influence masseter muscle allodynia and suggested that P2X3 receptors expressed in TRG neurons are involved in masseter inflammatory pain conditions.
For the first time the effects of different sampling periods and their interaction with five major autochthonous Croatian Istrian olive cultivars and the Italian cultivar ‘Leccino’ on the quantity ...and composition of olive leaf phenolic compounds and mineral nutrients were investigated. For that purpose, olive leaves were sampled in two collecting periods, in October and March, coinciding with the harvesting and pruning periods, respectively. All selected cultivars had a higher oleuropein leaf content in the pruning collecting period, with the highest levels noted for the ‘Leccino’ and ‘Buža’ cultivars. Cultivar significantly affected almost all the investigated phenols, with higher concentrations of these valuable compounds in the pruning than in the harvesting period. Differences observed in leaf mineral composition were closely related to the differences in phenolic profiles and were significantly affected by genotype. Some of the studied mineral nutrients, such as P, Cu and B, were found to be significantly correlated with the most abundant olive leaf phenolic compounds, oleuropein and verbascoside.
This study investigated the relationship between chronic head, face and neck pain, and the level of depression in Croatian war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The presence of ...self-reported pain, pain on digital palpation, and pain severity in masticatory and neck muscles, temporomandibular joints and sinuses, as well as the level of depression were assessed in a group of war veterans with PTSD (n=52). Control groups consisted of war veterans without PTSD (n=50) and healthy men that were not engaged in war actions and were free from PTSD (n=50). The number of self-reported pain and number of painful sites were correlated with the level of depression. More self-reported pain and painful sites were recorded in the group of war veterans with PTSD as compared with either war veterans without PTSD or healthy men. Furthermore, PTSD patients mostly suffered from severe depression. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between all investigated pain parameters and level of depression. As the most important finding, the present study demonstrated chronic head, face and neck pain to be related to depression in PTSD patients.
The aim of this study was to investigate reproducibility of the position of centric relation in patients with disc displacement with reduction.
The test group included 30 subjects, diagnosed with ...disc displacement with reduction in right, left or both joints. The control group included 12 individuals with no signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. Using chin point guidance with a jig, centric relation record was made three times by every participant, in a single session. Left and right condylar position for each centric relation record was determined and recorded using the electronic ultrasonic measuring device. The data were transferred to the computer, processed and analyzed. Condylar distances between centric relation records were measured (anteroposterior, vertical, transversal and linear values), and the data were statistically analyzed using the t and the F tests.
No statically significant difference was found between the test and the control groups. Two thirds of study participants demonstrated condylar position of the repeated centric relation recording within the area of 0.3 mm in diameter. For more than 90% of participants that area was within 0.4 mm.
There is no difference in reproducibility of the centric relation between patients with disc displacement with reduction and healthy temporomandibular joint individuals (p>0.05). When doing centric relation record on a patient with disc displacement with reduction there is no need for previous splint therapy and standard precautions are acceptable. The obtained results must be interpreted within the experimental group, and not projected on the other groups of temporomandibular disorders.
Uvod: Svrha ovoga istraživanja bila je procijeniti ponovljivost položaja centrične relacije kod pacijenata s dislokacijom diska s redukcijom. Materijali i metode: U ispitnoj skupini bilo je 30 ...ispitanika s utvrđenom dislokacijom diska s redukcijom u desnom i lijevom zglobu ili u oba. Kontrolna skupina sastojala se od 12 sudionika bez znakova i simptoma temporomandibularnih poremećaja. Koristeći se metodom vođenja brade s prednjim deprogramatorom, učinjena su tri registrata centrične relacije za svakog ispitanika i to tijekom jednog posjeta. Elektroničkim ultrazvučnim mjernim uređajem snimljen je položaj lijevoga i desnoga kondila kod svakog dobivenog registrata centrične relacije. Podatci su analizirani računalom. Izmjerena je udaljenost kondila dobivena kod različitih registrata centrične relacije (anteroposteriorne, vertikalne, transverzalne i linearne vrijednosti) te su podatci statistički analizirani t i F testom. Rezultati: Nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između ispitne i kontrolne skupine. Kod dvije trećine ispitanika kondilni je položaj tijekom ponavljanja određivanja centrične relacije bio unutar promjera od 0,3 milimetra. Za više od 90 posto ispitanika to je područje
bilo unutar 0,4 milimetra. Zaključak: Ne postoji razlika u ponovljivosti centrične relacije između pacijenata s dislokacijom diska s redukcijom i onih sa zdravim temporomandibularnim zglobom (p > 0,05). Kada se radi registrat centrične relacije na pacijentu s dislokacijom diska s redukcijom, prije toga nije potrebna terapija udlagom, dovoljne su standardne mjere opreza. Dobiveni rezultati moraju se interpretirati unutar ispitne skupine, bez povezivanja s drugim skupinama temporomandibularnih poremećaja.
doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00543.x
Influences of age and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient’s satisfaction with dental appearance and tooth colour
Objectives: To study the impact of age, ...gender, tooth colour and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient’s satisfaction with their dental appearance.
Material and methods: A total of 259 Caucasian subjects participated in the study (119 men, mean age 56 years; 140 women, mean age 61 years) divided into three age groups (young <35 age; middle aged 35–54 age; old ≥55 age). Their maxillary anterior teeth status was classified into three groups: (1) natural teeth (NTG) group; (2) composite filling group (CFG) and (3) porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal fixed prosthodontic restoration group (FPDG). The participants judged appearance and tooth colour using a scale with three categories: completely dissatisfied, moderately dissatisfied and completely satisfied.
Results: Almost half of the participants were completely satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. Half of the ‘young’ and ‘middle‐aged’ participants with natural maxillary anterior teeth were completely satisfied and half of the ‘old’ participants were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. The majority of participants with composite restorations (45–51%) were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance, one‐third of ‘young’ and ‘middle‐aged’ participants were moderately satisfied or dissatisfied with their tooth colour and more than 70% of older participants were dissatisfied with their tooth colour (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: Satisfaction with the appearance of the maxillary anterior teeth differed both between individuals of different age and different dental status.
This study was undertaken to examine the alteration of masseter and plasma interleukin-6 after inducing occlusal interference and chronic stress. Male Wistar rats were submitted to chronic stress ...procedure, exposed to occlusal interference, or exposed to both mentioned procedures. Whole blood and masseter tissue were collected to determine interleukin-6 level, measured by means of ELISA. Masseter pain was evaluated using the orofacial formalin test. Masseter interleukin-6 level was significantly higher in animals submitted to combination of occlusal interference and chronic stress than in the control group (p<0.05). There was positive and significant correlation between pain response and masseter interleukin-6 level (r=0.5741; p<0.0003). No significant differences in plasma interleukin-6 level were found between groups (p>0.05), as well as no correlation with pain (p>0.05). Combination of occlusal interference and chronic stress leads to strong local reaction characterized by high levels of masseter interleukine-6. High concentrations of muscle interleukin-6 and its correlation with pain point to inflammatory background of masticatory muscle pain.
This study aimed to investigate the individual effects of chronic stress and occlusal interference, as well as their combined influence on masseter muscle pain. Experiments were performed on 28 male ...Wistar rats. Animals were submitted to chronic stress procedure, exposed to occlusal interference, or exposed to both mantioned procedures. At the end of the procedure animals were submitted to orofacial formalin test, and nociceptive behavioral response was evaluated. Statisticaly significant difference of nociceptive behavioral response in chronicaly stressed rats and in the animals with occlusal interference in comparation to the control group were not obtained (p > 0.05). In contrast, nociceptive behavioral response was significantly increased in rats submitted to both of experimental procedures (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that only combination of occlusal interference and chronic stress influence masseter muscle pain.
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