Longitudinal symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often characterized by heterogeneous trajectories, which may have unique pre-, peri- and post-trauma risk and protective factors. To ...date, however, no study has evaluated the nature and determinants of predominant trajectories of PTSD symptoms in World Trade Center (WTC) responders.
A total of 10835 WTC responders, including 4035 professional police responders and 6800 non-traditional responders (e.g. construction workers) who participated in the WTC Health Program (WTC-HP), were evaluated an average of 3, 6 and 8 years after the WTC attacks.
Among police responders, longitudinal PTSD symptoms were best characterized by four classes, with the majority (77.8%) in a resistant/resilient trajectory and the remainder exhibiting chronic (5.3%), recovering (8.4%) or delayed-onset (8.5%) symptom trajectories. Among non-traditional responders, a six-class solution was optimal, with fewer responders in a resistant/resilient trajectory (58.0%) and the remainder exhibiting recovering (12.3%), severe chronic (9.5%), subsyndromal increasing (7.3%), delayed-onset (6.7%) and moderate chronic (6.2%) trajectories. Prior psychiatric history, Hispanic ethnicity, severity of WTC exposure and WTC-related medical conditions were most strongly associated with symptomatic trajectories of PTSD symptoms in both groups of responders, whereas greater education and family and work support while working at the WTC site were protective against several of these trajectories.
Trajectories of PTSD symptoms in WTC responders are heterogeneous and associated uniquely with pre-, peri- and post-trauma risk and protective factors. Police responders were more likely than non-traditional responders to exhibit a resistant/resilient trajectory. These results underscore the importance of prevention, screening and treatment efforts that target high-risk disaster responders, particularly those with prior psychiatric history, high levels of trauma exposure and work-related medical morbidities.
The kidney sessions of the 2017 Banff Conference focused on 2 areas: clinical implications of inflammation in areas of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (i‐IFTA) and its relationship to T ...cell–mediated rejection (TCMR), and the continued evolution of molecular diagnostics, particularly in the diagnosis of antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR). In confirmation of previous studies, it was independently demonstrated by 2 groups that i‐IFTA is associated with reduced graft survival. Furthermore, these groups presented that i‐IFTA, particularly when involving >25% of sclerotic cortex in association with tubulitis, is often a sequela of acute TCMR in association with underimmunosuppression. The classification was thus revised to include moderate i‐IFTA plus moderate or severe tubulitis as diagnostic of chronic active TCMR. Other studies demonstrated that certain molecular classifiers improve diagnosis of ABMR beyond what is possible with histology, C4d, and detection of donor‐specific antibodies (DSAs) and that both C4d and validated molecular assays can serve as potential alternatives and/or complements to DSAs in the diagnosis of ABMR. The Banff ABMR criteria are thus updated to include these alternatives. Finally, the present report paves the way for the Banff scheme to be part of an integrative approach for defining surrogate endpoints in next‐generation clinical trials.
The Banff consortium presents revisions to the diagnostic criteria for T cell– and antibody‐mediated kidney transplant rejection, including specific criteria for chronic active T cell–mediated rejection, plus prospects for integrative endpoints in clinical trials. See related articles on pages 321, 364, and 377.
Using the entire Belle data sample of 980 fb−1 of e+e− collisions, we present the results of a study of excited Ωc charmed baryons in the decay mode Ξc+K−. We show confirmation of four of the five ...narrow states reported by the LHCb Collaboration: the Ωc(3000), Ωc(3050), Ωc(3066), and Ωc(3090).
Heisenberg interactions are ubiquitous in magnetic materials and play a central role in modelling and designing quantum magnets. Bond-directional interactions offer a novel alternative to Heisenberg ...exchange and provide the building blocks of the Kitaev model, which has a quantum spin liquid as its exact ground state. Honeycomb iridates, A2 IrO3 (A = Na, Li), offer potential realizations of the Kitaev magnetic exchange coupling, and their reported magnetic behaviour may be interpreted within the Kitaev framework. However, the extent of their relevance to the Kitaev model remains unclear, as evidence for bond-directional interactions has so far been indirect. Here we present direct evidence for dominant bond-directional interactions in antiferromagnetic Na2 IrO3 and show that they lead to strong magnetic frustration. Diffuse magnetic X-ray scattering reveals broken spin-rotational symmetry even above the Néel temperature, with the three spin components exhibiting short-range correlations along distinct crystallographic directions. This spin- and real-space entanglement directly uncovers the bond-directional nature of these interactions, thus providing a direct connection between honeycomb iridates and Kitaev physics.
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity is a primary cause of the development of unattractive dark brown discoloration of wheat-based end products. The present study aims to evaluate a set of 41 diverse ...wheat genotypes grown at three different locations in India for grain phenol color reaction, PPO activity and molecular marker-based characterization of alleles of PPO genes. Relationships among these parameters were analyzed along with the effects of grain PPO activity on dough and chapati color at different time intervals. The mean PPO activity ranged from 7.42 to 27.57 min
−1
g
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10
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among the genotypes and it showed a significant negative correlation with color brightness (L*) of dough rested for 0 min (r = -0.406), 15 min (r = -0.406), 2 h (r = -0.502) and 4 h (r = -0.551) and whole wheat flour-derived chapati rested for 2 h (r = -0.267) and 4 h (r = -0.424). The overall quality color score was negatively correlated with PPO activity (r = -0.863) and showed a positive correlation with both dough and chapati visual color measured at different time intervals. PPO activity in the genotypes carrying different alleles was found to be Ppo-A1a>Ppo-A1b; Ppo-B2d>Ppo-B2a; and Ppo-D1b>Ppo-D1a. The allelic constitution Ppo-A1bPpo-B2aPpo-D1a and Ppo-A1bPpo-B2dPpo-D1 was found to produce the lowest PPO activity, and thus these alleles are recommended to be used in marker assisted breeding for low PPO activity genotypes to minimize the discoloration of wheat-based end-products.
Although microorganisms are known to dominate Earth’s biospheres and drive biogeochemical cycling, little is known about the geographic distributions of microbial populations or the environmental ...factors that pattern those distributions. We used a global-level hierarchical sampling scheme to comprehensively characterize the evolutionary relationships and distributional limitations of the nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbionts of the crop chickpea, generating 1,027 draft whole-genome sequences at the level of bacterial populations, including 14 high-quality PacBio genomes from a phylogenetically representative subset. We find that diverse Mesorhizobium taxa perform symbiosis with chickpea and have largely overlapping global distributions. However, sampled locations cluster based on the phylogenetic diversity of Mesorhizobium populations, and diversity clusters correspond to edaphic and environmental factors, primarily soil type and latitude. Despite long-standing evolutionary divergence and geographic isolation, the diverse taxa observed to nodulate chickpea share a set of integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) that encode the major functions of the symbiosis. This symbiosis ICE takes 2 forms in the bacterial chromosome—tripartite and monopartite—with tripartite ICEs confined to a broadly distributed superspecies clade. The pairwise evolutionary relatedness of these elements is controlled as much by geographic distance as by the evolutionary relatedness of the background genome. In contrast, diversity in the broader gene content of Mesorhizobium genomes follows a tight linear relationship with core genome phylogenetic distance, with little detectable effect of geography. These results illustrate how geography and demography can operate differentially on the evolution of bacterial genomes and offer useful insights for the development of improved technologies for sustainable agriculture.
Neurodegenerative disorders present with progressive and irreversible degeneration of the neurons. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders affecting 50 million ...people worldwide (2017), expected to be doubled every 20 years. Primarily affected by age, AD is the cause for old‐age dementia, progressive memory loss, dysfunctional thoughts, confusion, cognitive impairment and personality changes. Neuroglia formerly understood as “glue” of the brain neurons consists of macroglia (astrocytes and oligodendrocyte), microglia and progenitors NG2‐glia, and constitute a large fraction of the mammalian brain. The primary functions of glial cells are to provide neurons with metabolic and structural support in the healthy brain; however, they attain a “reactive” state from the “resting” state upon challenged with a pathological insult such as a neurodegenerative cascade. Failure or defects in their homoeostatic functions (i.e. concentration of ions, neurotransmitters) ultimately jeopardize neurons with excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. Moreover, the most common clinical outcome of AD is the cognitive impairment and memory loss, which are attributed mainly by the accumulation of Aβ. Failure of glial cells to remove the Aβ toxic proteins accelerates the AD progression. The rapidly emerging proteomic techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS), cross‐linking mass spectrometry, hydrogen deuterium trade mass spectrometry, protein foot printing and 2‐DGE combined with LC–MS/MS present wide array of possibilities for the identification of differentially expressed proteins in AD.
The glial cells are non‐neuronal cells that do not conduct electric impulses but support neurons by providing insulation between them, supplying nutrients and oxygen, and maintaining homeostasis. \xA0Glial cells have direct effect on the genesis of the amyloid plaques, failure of glial cells to remove the Aß toxic proteins accelerates AD progression. The applications of emerging\xA0proteomic techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS), cross‐linking mass spectrometry, hydrogen‐deuterium trade mass spectrometry, protein footprinting could well be exploited for the identification of differentially expressed proteins in AD.
Outbreaks of fungal sepsis due to emerging and rare multidrug-resistant Candida species are increasingly reported in health-care settings. We report an outbreak of fungaemia due to the rare ...multidrug-resistant yeast Candida blankii in an Indian neonatal unit.
Blood cultures grew C. blankii in nine neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a multispecialty hospital in Delhi during a period of 7 months. Isolates were identified by internal transcribed spacer and D1/D2 region sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by M27-A3 CLSI broth microdilution. To determine genetic relatedness among C. blankii isolates we undertook amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing using the Illumina NextSeq500 platform.
Candida blankii fungaemia occurred at 2–3 postnatal days in nine low birthweight/very low birthweight neonates. All neonates were treated with fluconazole and four of the nine neonates died, resulting in a case fatality rate of 45%. Candida blankii was misidentified or not identified by automated identification systems. Fluconazole had higher geometric mean (GM) MICs (8 mg/L) than the other azoles. Also, anidulafungin (GM-MIC 2 mg/L) had high MICs. Genome sequencing confirmed transmission of genetically mostly indistinguishable strains. The C. blankii genome showed an altered 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase protein and several larger deletions in the echinocandin target FKS1 gene, suggesting potential for development of antifungal resistance.
The study emphasizes the emergence of a rare and uncommon yeast, C. blankii, with reduced susceptibility to one or more antifungal agents, in nosocomial fungaemia. Genomic insights of this rare yeast are reported using whole-genome sequence typing.
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