Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite light absorbers have recently emerged as a “holy grail” for next generation thin‐film photovoltaics with excellent optoelectronics properties and low fabrication ...cost. In a very short span of time, we have witnessed a pronounced and unexpected progress in organic– inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a vertical rise in power conversion efficiency from 3.8 to 22.1 %. In this manuscript we focus specifically on the recent development of metal oxide‐based electron‐transporting layer (ETL) modification for high performing PSCs and their stability. This review highlights various methodologies to modify existing compact/scaffold layers for improving device performance and stability. Various aspects of the ETL are discussed with different metal oxide compact layers in their relation to modification in mesoporous layers towards the design of a cell structure with high performance and stability.
Dig deeper–Solution at the bottom! Recent developments of metal oxide‐based electron‐transporting layers (ETLs) for high performing, stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are reviewed. Various methodologies to modify existing ETLs, the first deposited layer in regular architecture PSCs, are highlighted, and the effects of these modifications are considered towards the design of a cell structure with high performance and stability.
The increasing worldwide population is a significant challenge for agricultural food production to feed the alarming rate of the growing world population. The enhancing community directly affected by ...several factors, including the limitation of agricultural land, environmental damage, and the number of biotic and abiotic stresses, which affect global food production. It is essential to increase agricultural productivity to feed an increasing population. Several approaches are needed, such as greater use of chemicals including fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Several other factors, such as overcome the posture, saline, and drought land, can be improved by using stress-tolerant plant growth-promoting microorganisms. Though, many of the solutions attempted to this problem are not sustainable and are only be valid for the short term. Stresses tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can produce bioactive compounds such as gibberellins and indole acetic acid. PGPR also produced several active enzymes under drought, heavy metals, and salts stress. PGPR approach can enhance plant growth and consequently crop yield with maintained eco-friendly environment. The present review focused on the recent advances of PGPR approach in concern to different biotic and abiotic stresses.
A Brief Review of Jute Fibre and Its Composites Singh, Harpreet; Inder Preet Singh, Jai; Singh, Sehijpal ...
Materials today : proceedings,
2018, 2018-00-00, Letnik:
5, Številka:
14
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The use of jute fibers as reinforcement for development of composite materials has increased in nowadays because the vexation shown by the environment due to increase in fuel prices, depletion of ...fossil fuels, global warming are the major concerns which force the researchers to work in the area of green composites. The jute fiber reinforced composites also replace old materials such as steel and wood. The current research ingenuity aims to highlight the concerns and challenges faced during the development of jute fiber reinforced composites. Fabrication methods of different form of jute fiber reinforced composites have been studied and their mechanical properties have been reported. Failure mechanism of jute fiber composites has been discussed using scanning electron microscopy.
The growing environmental concerns, global warming, waste management issues, dwindling fossil resources, and rising oil prices have resulted in increase in research for newermaterials that are ...friendly to our health and environment. Green products are being increasingly promoted for sustainable development.The present research is an attempt to develop and study the mechanical properties of the natural fiber reinforced polymer based composites which are partially biodegradable.In this study different natural fibers like jute, banana and sisal have beenused as reinforcement and epoxy as matrix to make the natural fiber reinforced polymer unidirectional composite with the help of hand layup and compression molding.Mechanical properties like tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength for treated and non treated natural fiber reinforced polymerunidirectional composites have been investigated and compared.It has been found that tensile strength of the composites has improved due to incorporation of natural fibers topolymers.Further a considerable increase in tensile and flexural strength has been observed with the use of surface treatment method;howeverimpact strength has been tremendouslydecreased with the use of surface treatment. It has also been found that the jute reinforced polymer composite shows the highest tensile strength.
This study investigates the utilization of cyclic heat treatment (CHT), also referred to as thermal cycling, to design microstructures in steel to achieve specific properties. Through a comprehensive ...review of existing literature, it analyzes the influence of CHT on microstructure, strengthening mechanisms, and structure-property relationships, drawing parallels with conventional heat treatment methods. Mechanical properties are examined to establish meaningful correlations with structural modifications. The study delves into the impact of CHT parameters on microstructural changes and suggests to optimize these parameters to attain an ideal microstructure. While underscoring the potential advantages of CHT in enhancing steel’s mechanical properties, it also conscientiously acknowledges its limitations, concluding with valuable recommendations for future research and practical implementation.
Introduction. Duplication of the gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary system. Anomalous anatomy of the biliary system is associated with an increased risk of complications such as ...bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. Herein, I present a case report of duplication of the gallbladder, which was an operative surprise as the patient’s preoperative workup did not reveal any evidence of duplication of the gallbladder. Case Report. A 60-year-old female was admitted for management of recurrent pancreatitis. Diagnosis of biliary pancreatitis was made as her CT and US revealed cholelithiasis. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, she was found to have duplication of the gallbladder, which was a surgical surprise. Both the gallbladders were successfully removed, and the patient had an uneventful postoperative course. Conclusion. Duplication of the gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly, which could be associated with other congenital anomalies of the bile duct and vascular system. Extreme care should be taken during cholecystectomy as these anomalies could lead to serious injury to the bile duct and vessels.
In this paper, by developing a mathematical model, the temperature of PSCs under different operating conditions has been calculated. It is found that by reducing the density of tail states at the ...interfaces through some passivation mechanisms, the operating temperature can be decreased significantly at higher applied voltages. The results show that if the density of tail states at the interfaces is reduced by three orders of magnitude through some passivation mechanisms, then the active layer may not undergo any phase change up to an ambient temperature 300 K and it may not degrade up to 320 K. The calculated heat generation at the interfaces at different applied voltages with and without passivation shows reduced heat generation after reducing the density of tail states at the interfaces. It is expected that this study provides a deeper understanding of the influence of interface passivation on the operating temperature of PSCs.
With the increase in user demand for internet access on move, spectrum resource seems to deplete and leads to spectrum crunch. Recent researches reports that this spectrum crunch is not due to ...spectrum scarcity but due to spectrum underutilization because of legacy static spectrum allocation of spectrum bands. This spectrum utilization and efficiency can be improved by using Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) techniques, which correlate with cognitive radio technology in one way or the other. There are three basic approach of communication for cognitive radio technology: Inter-weaved approach, Underlay approach and Overlay approach. Extensive researches has been proposed so far based on the inter-weaved approach and little or negligible using underlay or overlay approach. Using these modes the cognitive users can coexist with the primary users at same geographic time and location. In this paper simple and unique Adaptive Power Control
(APC)
technique for underlay approach for cognitive radio mobile network is proposed. This techniques introduces a Power Adaptive Transmission
(PAT)
metric which overcomes three major issues. Firstly, this proposed techniques work efficiently over highly active licensed networks with marginal increased throughput of 0.2 Mbps. Secondly,
APC
this technique adapts to the requirement of cognitive user and Lastly, primary user power is monitored, to prevent interference and maintain the Quality of Service (QoS) of primary user. Under simulation testing the proposed
APC
technique outperforms various other underlay as well hybrid techniques for power control under cognitive radio environment with 11% increase in throughput and 32% decrease in delay using
APC
.
Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of highly capacitive activated carbon (AC) using a bio-waste Kusha grass (
Desmostachya bipinnata
), by employing a chemical process followed by activation ...through KOH. The as-synthesized few-layered activated carbon has been confirmed through X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The chemical environment of the as-prepared sample has been accessed through FTIR and UV–visible spectroscopy. The surface area and porosity of the as-synthesized material have been accessed through the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. All the electrochemical measurements have been performed through cyclic voltammetry and galvanometric charging/discharging (GCD) method, but primarily, we focus on GCD due to the accuracy of the technique. Moreover, the as-synthesized AC material shows a maximum specific capacitance as 218 F g
−1
in the potential window ranging from − 0.35 to + 0.45 V. Also, the AC exhibits an excellent energy density of ~ 19.3 Wh kg
−1
and power density of ~ 277.92 W kg
−1
, respectively, in the same operating potential window. It has also shown very good capacitance retention capability even after 5000th cycles. The fabricated supercapacitor shows a good energy density and power density, respectively, and good retention in capacitance at remarkably higher charging/discharging rates with excellent cycling stability. Henceforth, bio-waste Kusha grass-derived activated carbon (DP-AC) shows good promise and can be applied in supercapacitor applications due to its outstanding electrochemical properties. Herein, we envision that our results illustrate a simple and innovative approach to synthesize a bio-waste Kusha grass-derived activated carbon (DP-AC) as an emerging supercapacitor electrode material and widen its practical application in electrochemical energy storage fields.
The article analyses the ways in which low-ranked Muslims mobilise collective terms for self-identification to avail preferential state policies (reservations). Specifically, it focuses on the ...strategies deployed by the Bhishtis, a caste group associated with carrying water, to be listed as Other Backward Classes (OBC) and claim municipal sanitation work as 'safāī karamchārī'. Reservation policies are instrumental in shaping the Bhishtis' demands and social positions. They reproduce caste-based division of labour and accentuate internal cleavages within the community. While distancing themselves from elite emulation (Ashrafisation), the Bhishti simultaneously deploy caste-based and Islamic identities in their quest for material gains. Caste identity is used instrumentally vis-à-vis the state to avail OBC reservation and demand municipal sanitation jobs. Additionally, it functions as an oppositional identity towards upper class elites within the community. Islamic identity emphasises a work ethic and dignified labour, and enabled criticism of the state for practicing religious discrimination when a commitment to Bhishti employment was officially removed from the sanitation department. Internally, the Islamic identity helps keep the various factions within the community united. In fact, local articulations of birādarī identity evolve across space and time, questioning whether it is fruitful to talk about birādarī and caste.
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