During herpes simplex virus (HSV) latency, the viral genome is harbored in peripheral neurons in the absence of infectious virus but with the potential to restart infection. Advances in epigenetics ...have helped explain how viral gene expression is largely inhibited during latency. Paradoxically, at the same time, the view that latency is entirely silent has been eroding. This low-level noise has implications for our understanding of HSV latency and should not be ignored.
In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0, the indoor usage of smart devices is expected to increase, thereby making their location information more important. Based on various ...practical issues related to large delays, high design cost, and limited performance, conventional localization techniques are not practical for indoor IoT applications. In recent years, many researchers have proposed a wide range of machine learning (ML)-based indoor localization approaches using Wi-Fi received signal strength indicator (RSSI) fingerprints. This survey attempts to provide a summarized investigation of ML-based Wi-Fi RSSI fingerprinting schemes, including data preprocessing, data augmentation, ML prediction models for indoor localization, and postprocessing in ML, and compare their performance. Any ML-based study is heavily reliant on datasets. Therefore, we dedicate a significant portion of this survey to the discussion of dataset collection and open-source datasets. To provide good direction for future research, we discuss the current challenges and potential solutions related to ML-based indoor localization systems.
Here, we report a novel comparative assessment of preparation and characterization of thyme oil nanoemulsion and its chitosan encapsulation using high energy approach for the management of three ...major mosquito species viz., Anopheles stephensi (Liston,1901), Aedes aegypti (Linn., 1762) and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901). The synthesized formulations were analysed for thermodynamic stability, indicating 1:0.5 (oil: surfactant) ratio to be the most stable of thyme oil nanoemulsion while 1:1 (nanoemulsion: chitosan solution) ratio of its chitosan encapsulation. These were further characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy which revealed the size and morphology of the droplets which measured 52.18 ± 4.53 nm for thyme oil nanoemulsion and 50.18 ± 2.32 nm for its chitosan encapsulation. All the droplets were well dispersed with distinct flower-shaped nanoemulsion and somewhat mitochondria like chitosan encapsulation. In-vitro release study of thyme essential oil from its nanoemulsion and chitosan encapsulation showed that 91.68% and 73.41% of the total oil concentration in water was released respectively to the environment after 48 h clearly depicting controlled release in the encapsulation. Assessment of insecticidal potential against selected mosquito species revealed that both the nanoemulsion and its chitosan encapsulation were effective on the major mosquito species. Maximum activity of thyme oil nanoemulsion was noticed against C. tritaeniorhynchus (LC
-22.58 ppm) after 24 h of exposure while it was observed that its chitosan encapsulation was most effective on A. stephensi (LC
-18.88 ppm) after 24 h of exposure. Consistent morphological alterations could be noticed in the larvae of mosquito species. Hence, these nanoemulsions and encapsulations could be further tested for their applications against other insect pests in agriculture.
Lung cancer is the primary cause of mortality in the United States and around the globe. Therapeutic options for lung cancer treatment include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted ...drug therapy. Medical management is often associated with the development of treatment resistance leading to relapse. Immunotherapy is profoundly altering the approach to cancer treatment owing to its tolerable safety profile, sustained therapeutic response due to immunological memory generation, and effectiveness across a broad patient population. Different tumor-specific vaccination strategies are gaining ground in the treatment of lung cancer. Recent advances in adoptive cell therapy (CAR T, TCR, TIL), the associated clinical trials on lung cancer, and associated hurdles are discussed in this review. Recent trials on lung cancer patients (without a targetable oncogenic driver alteration) reveal significant and sustained responses when treated with programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Accumulating evidence indicates that a loss of effective anti-tumor immunity is associated with lung tumor evolution. Therapeutic cancer vaccines combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) can achieve better therapeutic effects. To this end, the present article encompasses a detailed overview of the recent developments in the immunotherapeutic landscape in targeting small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Additionally, the review also explores the implication of nanomedicine in lung cancer immunotherapy as well as the combinatorial application of traditional therapy along with immunotherapy regimens. Finally, ongoing clinical trials, significant obstacles, and the future outlook of this treatment strategy are also highlighted to boost further research in the field.
Abstract
Food is necessary for survival, and contamination can shorten humans' lives on Earth in all dimensions. Real‐time screening of food pollutants, such as toxins, infectious agents, and ...chemical contaminants, is in high demand today. Thus, a cost‐effective and ecologically benign technology must be developed to detect food contamination in a rapid fashion. Nanoparticle (NP)‐based paper sensors are one of the most important alternatives to traditional methods because these are simple, inexpensive, highly selective, and sensitive tools. This article provides an overview of NP‐based paper sensor techniques for detecting toxic food contaminants.
Monel K-500 is a nickel-based alloy that is a widely used material in industries like hydraulic, chemical and marine. In its marine application, such as in seawater, Monel alloy suffers from high ...cavitation and corrosion. In one of the approaches to control these degradations, thermal spray coatings are recommended to enhance the resistance against these degradations. The current study assesses the synergic effect of cavitation erosion (CE) and corrosion on two HVOF-sprayed nickel-based cermet coatings, WC-10Ni5Cr (WC-NiCr) and WC-18Hastelloy C (WC-H), on Monel K-500 substrate. CE tests were conducted for 15 h in a corrosive (3.5% NaCl) environment. It was observed that WC-NiCr coating reduced the CE losses in Monel alloy by 45%. In pure cavitation (DI water) conditions, the better CE of a coating originates from its better combination of microhardness and indentation toughness. Whereas, in a corrosive medium, the CE behavior of a coating depends upon its electrochemical properties too. Electrochemical corrosion test on both the coatings revealed that WC-NiCr coating had better corrosion results than that of WC-H coating due to its higher corrosion potential (Ecorr) value and slightly lower corrosion current density which may influence the CE performance of the investigated coatings. In-depth study of the erosion mechanism for each of the coatings was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was observed that due to the effect of the corrosive medium, several pits and pores were generated over the coating surface. These defects provided additional nucleation sites for CE in the coatings resulting in a high level of erosion losses in the coatings. Considering the effects of cavitation and corrosion simultaneously, HVOF-sprayed WC-NiCr coating is recommended to enhance the cavitation-corrosion resistance in Monel K-500 alloy.
•WC-NiCr and WC-Hastelloy C coatings were deposited on Monel K-500 by HVOF spray.•Corrosive medium accelerates the cavitation erosion.•Corrosion introduces additional nucleation sites for cavitation erosion.•Mechanical and corrosion properties jointly contribute to cavitation erosion resistance.•WC-NiCr coating recommended as a better choice for cavitation erosion resistance.
To provide evidence-based recommendations to practicing clinicians on management of patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
An Expert Panel of medical oncology, thoracic surgery, ...radiation oncology, pulmonary oncology, community oncology, research methodology, and advocacy experts was convened to conduct a literature search, which included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials published from 1990 through 2021. Outcomes of interest included survival, disease-free or recurrence-free survival, and quality of life. Expert Panel members used available evidence and informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline recommendations.
The literature search identified 127 relevant studies to inform the evidence base for this guideline.
Evidence-based recommendations were developed to address evaluation and staging workup of patients with suspected stage III NSCLC, surgical management, neoadjuvant and adjuvant approaches, and management of patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/thoracic-cancer-guidelines.
Location-based indoor applications with high quality of services require a reliable, accurate, and low-cost position prediction for target device(s). The widespread availability of WiFi received ...signal strength indicator (RSSI) makes it a suitable candidate for indoor localization. However, traditional WiFi RSSI fingerprinting schemes perform poorly due to dynamic indoor mobile channel conditions including multipath fading, non-line-of-sight path loss, and so forth. Recently, machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL)-based fingerprinting schemes are often used as an alternative, overcoming such issues. This paper presents an extreme gradient boosting-based ML indoor localization scheme, simply termed as XGBLoc, that accurately classifies (or detects) the positions of mobile devices in multi-floor multi-building indoor environments. XGBLoc not only effectively reduces the RSSI dataset dimensionality but trains itself using structured synthetic labels (also termed as relational labels), rather than conventional independent labels, that classify such complex and hierarchical indoor environments well. We numerically evaluate the proposed scheme on the publicly available datasets and prove its superiority over existing ML or DL-based schemes in terms of classification and regression performance.
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