Temperaturne razmere v mraziščih Komne Svetlin, Domen; Sinjur, Iztok; Ogrin, Matej
Dela (Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za geografijo),
12/2023
60
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Raznoliko površje gorskih pokrajin omogoča pestro topoklimo in velike gradiente meteoroloških in klimatoloških elementov, med katere uvrščamo tudi temperaturo zraka. Mrazišča gorskega sveta kažejo ...zaostrene temperaturne razmere s povečanimi amplitudami, zlasti zaradi izstopajočih najnižjih temperatur. Po letu 2004 je raziskovanje mrazišč v Sloveniji dobilo nov zagon, pretekle raziskave, ki so bile osredotočene zlasti na rastne pogoje, so dobile nadgradnjo na klimatološkem področju. Neprekinjene meritve v več mraziščih, ki so jih izvajali različni raziskovalci v okviru Slovenskega meteorološkega foruma, so privedle do obsežne količine podatkov in spoznanj o temperaturnih razmerah v mraziščih, ki jih podrobneje predstavljamo v tem prispevku. Poleg novih najnižjih izmerjenih temperatur v Sloveniji se je izkazalo, da so, glede na neposredno okolico, letne povprečne temperature sredogorskih mrazišč nižje do 3 °C, povprečne najnižje pa do 7 °C. Temperature pod −30 °C se v Sloveniji v zadnjih desetletjih pojavljajo izključno v mraziščih, v sredogorju to velja tudi za temperature pod −20 °C. Najvišje temperature v mraziščih pa so zelo podobne tistim izven njih, lahko so celo nekoliko višje.
WorldClim version 1 is a high-resolution, global climate gridded dataset covering 1961–1990; a “normal” climate. It has been widely used for ecological studies thanks to its free availability and ...global coverage. This study aims to evaluate the quality of WorldClim data by quantifying any discrepancies by comparison with an independent dataset of measured temperature and precipitation records across Europe. BIO1 (mean annual temperature, MAT) and BIO12 (mean total annual precipitation, MAP) were used as proxies to evaluate the spatial accuracy of the WorldClim grids. While good representativeness was detected for MAT, the study demonstrated a bias with respect to MAP. The average difference between WorldClim predictions and climate observations was around +0.2 °C for MAT and −48.7 mm for MAP, with large variability. The regression analysis revealed a good correlation and adequate proportion of explained variance for MAT (adjusted R2 = 0.856) but results for MAP were poor, with just 64% of the variance explained (adjusted R2 = 0.642). Moreover no spatial structure was found across Europe, nor any statistical relationship with elevation, latitude, or longitude, the environmental predictors used to generate climate surfaces. A detectable spatial autocorrelation was only detectable for the two most thoroughly sampled countries (Germany and Sweden). Although further adjustments might be evaluated by means of geostatistical methods (i.e., kriging), the huge environmental variability of the European environment deeply stressed the WorldClim database. Overall, these results show the importance of an adequate spatial structure of meteorological stations as fundamental to improve the reliability of climate surfaces and derived products of the research (i.e., statistical models, future projections).
Particulate matter (PM) deposited on Platanus acerifolia tree leaves has been sampled in the urban areas of 28 European cities, over 20 countries, with the aim of testing leaf deposited particles as ...indicator of atmospheric PM concentration and composition. Leaves have been collected close to streets characterized by heavy traffic and within urban parks. Leaf surface density, dimensions, and elemental composition of leaf deposited particles have been compared with leaf magnetic content, and discussed in connection with air quality data. The PM quantity and size were mainly dependent on the regional background concentration of particles, while the percentage of iron-based particles emerged as a clear marker of traffic-related pollution in most of the sites. This indicates that Platanus acerifolia is highly suitable to be used in atmospheric PM monitoring studies and that morphological and elemental characteristics of leaf deposited particles, joined with the leaf magnetic content, may successfully allow urban PM source apportionment.
► Mycoremediation system was established and monitored on organically poor fly ash deposits. ► Pleurotus ostreatus inoculation did not stimulate the species diversity among fungal community. ► ...Naturally occurring process of wood degradation is similarly efficient to that occurring in sites inoculated with P. ostreatus.
The influence of Pleurotus ostreatus inoculation on wood degradation and on fungal community structure was studied. The experiments were performed on an organically poor fly ash deposit covered with a 10cm layer of beech wood chips inoculated with P. ostreatus isolate ZIM76. Compared to non-inoculated wood chips, inoculation increased the temperatures and relative humidities and, in the first 6months, accelerated Klason lignin degradation by 9% and also, after 17months, increased iron translocation into wood chips by 30%. After 6months, PCR–DGGE showed 22–28 and 13–21 fungal taxa in non-inoculated and P. ostreatus-inoculated beech chips, respectively. The differences in number of taxa and in the fungal community structure (based on Dice coefficient) between non-inoculated and inoculated wood chips diminished with time. The results indicate that the naturally occurring processes of wood degradation are as efficient as those occurring in sites inoculated with P. ostreatus.
Applying the standard Central-European method we phytosociologically studied the sites of Pulsatilla vernalis, a rare and protected species of Slovenian flora, in the frost hollows on mountain ...pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo in the Fužina pasturelands (the Triglav mountains, the Julian Alps). We established that it grows in a unique community of swards and heaths which usually extends over small surfaces (4-10 m2) and is dominated by herbaceous perennial species (hemicryptophytes) and dwarf shrubs (chamaephytes) with mostly arcticalpine and south-European montane distribution. This community is explicitly (floristically and ecologically) different from the communities of swards and heaths described in the Julian Alps so far, so we classified it into a new association Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae ass. nova (order Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae) and subdivided it into two, floristically and ecologically clearly distinguished subassociations -ericetosum carneae subass. nova and -vaccinietosum subass. nova.
Po standardni srednjeevropski metodi smo v mraziščnih kotanjah na pl. Ovčarija in Za Grivo v Fužinskih planinah (Triglavsko pogorje, Julijske Alpe) fitocenološko preučili rastišča redke in zavarovane vrste slovenske flore, Pulsatilla vernalis. Ugotovili smo, da raste v svojevrstni, navadno na majhnih površinah (4-10 m2) razširjeni združbi rušnatih trav in resav, v kateri prevladujejo zelnate trajnice (hemikriptofiti) ter polgrmi in nizki grmiči (hamefiti) predvsem z arktično-alpinsko in južnoevropsko gorsko razširjenostjo. Ker se ta združba floristično in ekološko očitno razlikuje od doslej v Julijskih Alpah opisanih združb rušnatih trav in resav, jo uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Pulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalae ass. nova (red Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae) in jo členimo na dve floristično in ekološko dobro prepoznavni subasociaciji -ericetosum carneae subass. nova in -vaccinietosum subass. nova.
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