•Maillard reaction (MR) improve the water solubility of chitosan.•MR enhances the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and emulsifying properties of chitosan.•Chitosan-Maillard reaction products (MRPs) ...protect food against lipid oxidation.•Chitosan-MRPs inhibits the microbial spoilage and extend the shelf life of food.•Chitosan- MRPs can be used as a functional biomaterial for foods preservation.
This review provides an insight about the functional properties of chitosan obtained through Maillard reaction to enhance the shelf life and food quality. Maillard reaction is a promising and safe method to obtain commercial water-soluble chitosan’s through Schiff base linkage and Amadori or Heyns rearrangement. Likewise, chitosan derivatives exert an enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, and emulsifying properties due to the development of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) like reductones and melanoidins. Additionally, the application of chitosan-MRPs effectively inhibited the microbial spoilage, reduced lipid oxidative, and extended the shelf life and the quality of fresh food products. Therefore, understand the potential of chitosan-MRPs derivatives as a functional biomaterial to improve the postharvest quality and extending the shelf life of food products will scale up its application as a food preservative.
Age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, are associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, and increase the levels of cholesterol auto-oxidation products such as ...7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC). Thus, it is imperative to identify agents that can prevent 7β-OHC-induced side-effects.
We evaluated the potential protective effects of Carpobrotus edulis ethanol-water extract (EWe) on murine oligodendrocytes (158N) cultured in the absence or presence of 7β-OHC (20 μg/mL, 24 h). The cells were incubated with EWe (20-200 µg/mL) 2 h before 7β-OHC treatment. Mitochondrial activity and cell growth were evaluated with the MTT assay. Photometric methods were used to analyze antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and the generation of lipid and protein oxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated diene (CD), and carbonylated proteins (CPs).
Treatment with 7β-OHC induced cell death and oxidative stress (reflected by alteration in CAT and SOD activities). Overproduction of lipid peroxidation products (MDA and CDs) and CPs was also reported. The cytotoxic effects associated with 7β-OHC were attenuated by 160 μg/mL of EWe of C. edulis. Cell death induced by 7β-OHC treatment was ameliorated, GPx and CAT activities were restored to normal, and MDA, CD, and CP levels were reduced following C. edulis extract treatment.
These data demonstrate the protective activities of C. edulis EWe against 7β-OHC-induced disequilibrium in the redox status of 158N cells, indicative of the potential role of this plant extract in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
