Senior leaders increasingly embed paradoxes into their organization's strategy, but struggle to manage them effectively. To better understand how they do so, I compared in-depth qualitative data from ...six top management teams exploring and exploiting simultaneously. The results informed a model of dynamic decision making in which strategic paradoxes can be effectively engaged. The details of this dynamic decisionmaking model extend and complicate our understanding of managing paradoxes by depicting dilemmas and paradoxes as interwoven, explicating a consistently inconsistent pattern of addressing tensions, and framing both differentiating and integrating practices as necessary for engaging paradox.
Nitrous oxide, N2O, is the third most important of the long‐lived greenhouse gases, in terms of its contribution to global warming, and is expected to be the dominant cause of stratospheric ozone ...depletion this century. The concentration of N2O in the atmosphere was fairly constant until the beginning of the industrial age, but has gone up by 20% since. This is because of increased anthropogenic emissions, of which about 60% come from agricultural soil. The cause is the increased use of synthetic fertilizer nitrogen globally to meet the demands for increased production of food and biofuels. This review examines the isotopic evidence for this role of fertilizer N, the main mechanisms for microbial production of N2O in soil, the key soil physical and other variables that greatly affect the magnitude of emissions, and the spatial and temporal variation in emissions and the associated problems of measurement. The review also considers the methodology devised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to enable countries to compile national inventories of their emissions, direct and indirect, that arise from anthropogenic activity related to agriculture and land use. This methodology also enables modellers to make ‘bottom‐up’ global estimates of N2O emissions. These estimates agree quite well at the global scale with ‘top‐down’ estimates based on the relation between reactive nitrogen newly introduced into agricultural ecosystems and increases in the global atmospheric concentration of N2O, but not with some recent regional‐scale emission measurements. The discrepancy may be related to problems of estimating indirect emissions. Top‐down estimates indicate that N2O emissions from crop‐based biofuels are too great to comply with national and international environmental regulations. Finally, possible future trends in emissions and possible mitigation measures are discussed.
Highlights
Evidence for increasing N2O in the atmosphere suggests it is caused by fertilizer N use.
Agreements and inconsistencies in assessments of N2O emissions are considered.
The main cause of increasing N2O is the use of synthetic N fertilizers on agricultural soil worldwide.
Indirect emissions from waters receiving leached N may be a major cause of assessment uncertainties.
Emotions composed of cognizant logical reactions toward various situations. Such mental responses stem from physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals ...provide a noninvasive and nonradioactive solution for emotion identification. Accurate and automatic classification of emotions can boost the development of human-computer interface. This article proposes automatic extraction and classification of features through the use of different convolutional neural networks (CNNs). At first, the proposed method converts the filtered EEG signals into an image using a time-frequency representation. Smoothed pseudo-Wigner-Ville distribution is used to transform time-domain EEG signals into images. These images are fed to pretrained AlexNet, ResNet50, and VGG16 along with configurable CNN. The performance of four CNNs is evaluated by measuring the accuracy, precision, Mathew's correlation coefficient, F1-score, and false-positive rate. The results obtained by evaluating four CNNs show that configurable CNN requires very less learning parameters with better accuracy. Accuracy scores of 90.98%, 91.91%, 92.71%, and 93.01% obtained by AlexNet, ResNet50, VGG16, and configurable CNN show that the proposed method is best among other existing methods.
From microbes to large predators, there is increasing evidence that marine life is shaped by short-lived submesoscales currents that are difficult to observe, model, and explain theoretically. ...Whether and how these intense three-dimensional currents structure the productivity and diversity of marine ecosystems is a subject of active debate. Our synthesis of observations and models suggests that the shallow penetration of submesoscale vertical currents might limit their impact on productivity, though ecological interactions at the submesoscale may be important in structuring oceanic biodiversity.
Aims and scope
The usage of mobile phones and the internet by young people has increased rapidly in the past decade, approaching saturation by middle childhood in developed countries. Besides many ...benefits, online content, contact or conduct can be associated with risk of harm; most research has examined whether aggressive or sexual harms result from this. We examine the nature and prevalence of such risks, and evaluate the evidence regarding the factors that increase or protect against harm resulting from such risks, so as to inform the academic and practitioner knowledge base. We also identify the conceptual and methodological challenges encountered in this relatively new body of research, and highlight the pressing research gaps.
Methods
Given the pace of change in the market for communication technologies, we review research published since 2008. Following a thorough bibliographic search of literature from the key disciplines (psychology, sociology, education, media studies and computing sciences), the review concentrates on recent, high quality empirical studies, contextualizing these within an overview of the field.
Findings
Risks of cyberbullying, contact with strangers, sexual messaging (‘sexting’) and pornography generally affect fewer than one in five adolescents. Prevalence estimates vary according to definition and measurement, but do not appear to be rising substantially with increasing access to mobile and online technologies, possibly because these technologies pose no additional risk to offline behaviour, or because any risks are offset by a commensurate growth in safety awareness and initiatives. While not all online risks result in self‐reported harm, a range of adverse emotional and psychosocial consequences is revealed by longitudinal studies. Useful for identifying which children are more vulnerable than others, evidence reveals several risk factors: personality factors (sensation‐seeking, low self‐esteem, psychological difficulties), social factors (lack of parental support, peer norms) and digital factors (online practices, digital skills, specific online sites).
Conclusions
Mobile and online risks are increasingly intertwined with pre‐existing (offline) risks in children's lives. Research gaps, as well as implications for practitioners, are identified. The challenge is now to examine the relations among different risks, and to build on the risk and protective factors identified to design effective interventions.
Mechanical Vibrations Schmitz, Tony L; Smith, K. Scott
2011, 20110801, 2011-11-28
eBook
Exploring essential concepts in vibration analysis of mechanical systems, this text synthesizes the required mathematics, experimental techniques, fundamentals of model analysis, and beam theory into ...a unified framework accessible to undergraduate students.
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is the driving force behind adaptive responses to exercise and represents a widely adopted proxy for gauging chronic efficacy of acute interventions, (i.e. ...exercise/nutrition). Recent findings in this arena have been progressive. Nutrient‐driven increases in MPS are of finite duration (∼1.5 h), switching off thereafter despite sustained amino acid availability and intramuscular anabolic signalling. Intriguingly, this ‘muscle‐full set‐point’ is delayed by resistance exercise (RE) (i.e. the feeding × exercise combination is ‘more anabolic’ than nutrition alone) even ≥24 h beyond a single exercise bout, casting doubt on the importance of nutrient timing vs. sufficiency per se. Studies manipulating exercise intensity/workload have shown that increases in MPS are negligible with RE at 20–40% but maximal at 70–90% of one‐repetition maximum when workload is matched (according to load × repetition number). However, low‐intensity exercise performed to failure equalises this response. Analysing distinct subcellular fractions (e.g. myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic, mitochondrial) may provide a readout of chronic exercise efficacy in addition to effect size in MPS per se, i.e. while ‘mixed’ MPS increases similarly with endurance and RE, increases in myofibrillar MPS are specific to RE, prophetic of adaptation (i.e. hypertrophy). Finally, the molecular regulation of MPS by exercise and its regulation via ‘anabolic’ hormones (e.g. IGF‐1) has been questioned, leading to discovery of alternative mechanosensing–signalling to MPS.
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