To study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on traumatic brain injury (TBI) patient demographic, clinical and trauma related characteristics, and outcomes.
Retrospective chart review was conducted ...on pediatric TBI patients admitted to a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center between January 2015 and June 2022. The pre-COVID era was defined as January 1, 2015, through March 12, 2020. The COVID-19 era was defined as March 13, 2020, through June 30, 2022. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were performed.
Four hundred-thirty patients were treated for pediatric TBI in the pre-COVID-19 period, and 166 patients during COVID-19. In bivariate analyses, the racial/ethnic makeup, age, and sex varied significantly across the two time periods (p < 0.05). Unwitnessed TBI events increased during the COVID-19 era. Logistic regression analyses also demonstrated significantly increased odds of death, severe disability, or vegetative state during COVID-19 (AOR 7.23; 95 % CI 1.43, 36.41).
During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients admitted with pediatric TBI had significantly different demographics with regards to age, sex, and race/ethnicity when compared to patients prior to the pandemic. There was an increase in unwitnessed events. In the COVID period, patients had a higher odds ratio of severe morbidity and mortality despite adjustment for confounding factors.
Level II, Prognosis.
What is currently known about this topic?•Studies have described an increase in child abuse and neglect during the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes to the demographic and patterns of pediatric TBI are understudied.
What new information is contained in this article?•This is the first study to highlight demographic changes in pediatric TBI during the pandemic and show increased unwitnessed events and severe outcomes.
Abstract The production of the $$\Lambda $$ Λ (1520) baryonic resonance has been measured at midrapidity in inelastic pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 7\ \hbox {TeV}$$ s=7TeV and in p–Pb collisions at ...$$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02\ \hbox {TeV}$$ sNN=5.02TeV for non-single diffractive events and in multiplicity classes. The resonance is reconstructed through its hadronic decay channel $$\Lambda $$ Λ (1520) $$\rightarrow \hbox {pK}^{-}$$ →pK- and the charge conjugate with the ALICE detector. The integrated yields and mean transverse momenta are calculated from the measured transverse momentum distributions in pp and p–Pb collisions. The mean transverse momenta follow mass ordering as previously observed for other hyperons in the same collision systems. A Blast-Wave function constrained by other light hadrons ($$\pi $$ π , K, $$\hbox {K}_{\mathrm{S}}^0$$ KS0 , p, $$\Lambda $$ Λ ) describes the shape of the $$\Lambda $$ Λ (1520) transverse momentum distribution up to $$3.5\ \hbox {GeV}/c$$ 3.5GeV/c in p–Pb collisions. In the framework of this model, this observation suggests that the $$\Lambda $$ Λ (1520) resonance participates in the same collective radial flow as other light hadrons. The ratio of the yield of $$\Lambda (1520)$$ Λ(1520) to the yield of the ground state particle $$\Lambda $$ Λ remains constant as a function of charged-particle multiplicity, suggesting that there is no net effect of the hadronic phase in p–Pb collisions on the $$\Lambda $$ Λ (1520) yield.
Abstract The production cross section of inclusive isolated photons has been measured by the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC in pp collisions at a centre-of-momentum energy of $$\sqrt{s}=$$ s= ... 7 TeV. The measurement is performed with the electromagnetic calorimeter EMCal and the central tracking detectors, covering a range of $$|\eta |<0.27$$ |η|<0.27 in pseudorapidity and a transverse momentum range of $$ 10< p_\mathrm {T}^{\gamma }< 60~\mathrm {GeV}/c$$ 10<pTγ<60GeV/c . The result extends the $$p_\mathrm {T}$$ pT coverage of previously published results of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the same collision energy to smaller $$p_\mathrm {T}$$ pT . The measurement is compared to next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations and to the results from the ATLAS and CMS experiments. All measurements and theory predictions are in agreement with each other.
Abstract We present a study of the inclusive charged-particle transverse momentum ($$p_{\mathrm{T}}$$ pT ) spectra as a function of charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-pseudorapidity, ...$$\mathrm{d}N_{\mathrm{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta $$ dNch/dη , in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=5.02$$ s=5.02 and 13 TeV covering the kinematic range $$|\eta |<0.8$$ |η|<0.8 and $$0.15<p_{\mathrm{T}} <20$$ 0.15<pT<20 GeV/c. The results are presented for events with at least one charged particle in $$|\eta |<1$$ |η|<1 (INEL$$\,>0$$ >0 ). The $$p_\mathrm{T}$$ pT spectra are reported for two multiplicity estimators covering different pseudorapidity regions. The $$p_{\mathrm{T}}$$ pT spectra normalized to that for INEL$$\,>0$$ >0 show little energy dependence. Moreover, the high-$$p_{\mathrm{T}}$$ pT yields of charged particles increase faster than the charged-particle multiplicity density. The average $${ p}_{\mathrm{T}}$$ pT as a function of multiplicity and transverse spherocity is reported for pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=13$$ s=13 TeV. For low- (high-) spherocity events, corresponding to jet-like (isotropic) events, the average $$p_\mathrm{T}$$ pT is higher (smaller) than that measured in INEL$$\,>0$$ >0 pp collisions. Within uncertainties, the functional form of $$\langle p_{\mathrm{T}} \rangle (N_{\mathrm{ch}})$$ ⟨pT⟩(Nch) is not affected by the spherocity selection. While EPOS LHC gives a good description of many features of data, PYTHIA overestimates the average $$p_{\mathrm{T}}$$ pT in jet-like events.
Abstract The measurements of the production of prompt $${{\mathrm{D}}^0}$$ D0 , $${{\mathrm{D}}^+}$$ D+ , $${{\mathrm{D}}^{*+}}$$ D∗+ , and $${{\mathrm{D}}^+_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ Ds+ mesons in ...proton–proton (pp) collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=5.02~\mathrm {TeV}$$ s=5.02TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are reported. D mesons were reconstructed at mid-rapidity ($$|y|<0.5$$ |y|<0.5 ) via their hadronic decay channels $$\mathrm{D}^0 \rightarrow {\mathrm{K}}^-\pi ^+$$ D0→K-π+ , $$\mathrm{D}^+\rightarrow {\mathrm{K}}^-\pi ^+\pi ^+$$ D+→K-π+π+ , $${\mathrm{D}}^{*+} \rightarrow {\mathrm{D}}^0 \pi ^+ \rightarrow {\mathrm{K}}^- \pi ^+ \pi ^+$$ D∗+→D0π+→K-π+π+ , $${{\mathrm{D}}^{+}_{\mathrm{s}}\rightarrow \phi \pi ^+\rightarrow {\mathrm{K}}^{+} {\mathrm{K}}^{-} \pi ^{+}}$$ Ds+→ϕπ+→K+K-π+ , and their charge conjugates. The production cross sections were measured in the transverse momentum interval $$0<p_{\mathrm{T}}<36~\mathrm {GeV}/c$$ 0<pT<36GeV/c for $${{\mathrm{D}}^0}$$ D0 , $$1<p_{\mathrm{T}}<36~\mathrm {GeV}/c$$ 1<pT<36GeV/c for $${{\mathrm{D}}^+}$$ D+ and $${{\mathrm{D}}^{*+}}$$ D∗+ , and in $$2<p_{\mathrm{T}}<24~\mathrm {GeV}/c$$ 2<pT<24GeV/c for $${{\mathrm{D}}^+_{\mathrm{s}}}$$ Ds+ mesons. Thanks to the higher integrated luminosity, an analysis in finer $$p_{\mathrm{T}}$$ pT bins with respect to the previous measurements at $$\sqrt{s}=7~\mathrm {TeV}$$ s=7TeV was performed, allowing for a more detailed description of the cross-section $$p_{\mathrm{T}}$$ pT shape. The measured $$p_{\mathrm{T}}$$ pT -differential production cross sections are compared to the results at $$\sqrt{s}=7$$ s=7 TeV and to four different perturbative QCD calculations. Its rapidity dependence is also tested combining the ALICE and LHCb measurements in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=5.02~\mathrm {TeV}$$ s=5.02TeV . This measurement will allow for a more accurate determination of the nuclear modification factor in p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions performed at the same nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy.
Abstract The pseudorapidity density of charged particles, $$\mathrm {d}N_{\mathrm{ch}}/\mathrm {d}\eta $$ dNch/dη , in p–Pb collisions has been measured at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon ...pair of $$\sqrt{s_{\scriptscriptstyle {\mathrm{NN}}}$$ sNN = 8.16 TeV at mid-pseudorapidity for non-single-diffractive events. The results cover 3.6 units of pseudorapidity, $$|\eta |<1.8$$ |η|<1.8 . The $$\mathrm {d}N_{\mathrm{ch}}/\mathrm {d}\eta $$ dNch/dη value is $$19.1\pm 0.7$$ 19.1±0.7 at $$|\eta |<0.5$$ |η|<0.5 . This quantity divided by $$\langle N_{\mathrm{part}} \rangle $$ ⟨Npart⟩ / 2 is $$4.73\pm 0.20$$ 4.73±0.20 , where $$\langle N_{\mathrm{part}} \rangle $$ ⟨Npart⟩ is the average number of participating nucleons, is 9.5% higher than the corresponding value for p–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\scriptscriptstyle {\mathrm{NN}}}$$ sNN = 5.02 TeV. Measurements are compared with models based on different mechanisms for particle production. All models agree within uncertainties with data in the Pb-going side, while HIJING overestimates, showing a symmetric behaviour, and EPOS underestimates the p-going side of the $$\mathrm {d}N_{\mathrm{ch}}/\mathrm {d}\eta $$ dNch/dη distribution. Saturation-based models reproduce the distributions well for $$\eta >-1.3$$ η>-1.3 . The $$\mathrm {d}N_{\mathrm{ch}}/\mathrm {d}\eta $$ dNch/dη is also measured for different centrality estimators, based both on the charged-particle multiplicity and on the energy deposited in the Zero-Degree Calorimeters. A study of the implications of the large multiplicity fluctuations due to the small number of participants for systems like p–Pb in the centrality calculation for multiplicity-based estimators is discussed, demonstrating the advantages of determining the centrality with energy deposited near beam rapidity.
Abstract The inclusive J/ψ production in Pb–Pb collisions at the center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair s NN $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$ = 5.02 TeV, measured with the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC, ...is reported. The J/ψ meson is reconstructed via the dimuon decay channel at forward rapidity (2.5 < y < 4) down to zero transverse momentum. The suppression of the J/ψ yield in Pb–Pb collisions with respect to binary-scaled pp collisions is quantified by the nuclear modification factor (R AA). The R AA at s NN $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$ = 5.02 TeV is presented and compared with previous measurements at s NN $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$ = 2.76 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, and of the J/ψ transverse momentum and rapidity. The inclusive J/ψ RAA shows a suppression increasing toward higher transverse momentum, with a steeper dependence for central collisions. The modification of the J/ψ average transverse momentum and average squared transverse momentum is also studied. Comparisons with the results of models based on a transport equation and on statistical hadronization are carried out.
Abstract The multiplicity dependence of electron production from heavy-flavour hadron decays as a function of transverse momentum was measured in p-Pb collisions at s NN $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$ ...= 5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The measurement was performed in the centre-of-mass rapidity interval −1.07 < y cms < 0.14 and transverse momentum interval 2 < p T < 16 GeV/c. The multiplicity dependence of the production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays was studied by comparing the p T spectra measured for different multiplicity classes with those measured in pp collisions (Q pPb) and in peripheral p-Pb collisions (Q cp). The Q pPb results obtained are consistent with unity within uncertainties in the measured p T interval and event classes. This indicates that heavy-flavour decay electron production is consistent with binary scaling and independent of the geometry of the collision system. Additionally, the results suggest that cold nuclear matter effects are negligible within uncertainties, in the production of heavy-flavour decay electrons at midrapidity in p-Pb collisions.
Abstract The measurement of the production of prompt D0, D+, D*+, and D S + $$ {\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}}^{+} $$ mesons in proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair ...of s NN $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$ = 5.02 TeV, with an integrated luminosity of 292 ± 11 μb −1, are reported. Differential production cross sections are measured at mid-rapidity (−0.96 < y cms < 0.04) as a function of transverse momentum (p T) in the intervals 0 < p T < 36 GeV/c for D0, 1 < p T < 36 GeV/c for D+ and D*+, and 2 < p T < 24 GeV/c for D+ mesons. For each species, the nuclear modification factor R pPb is calculated as a function of p T using a proton-proton (pp) ref- erence measured at the same collision energy. The results are compatible with unity in the whole p T range. The average of the non-strange D mesons R pPb is compared with theoretical model predictions that include initial-state effects and parton transport model predictions. The p T dependence of the D0, D+, and D*+ nuclear modification factors is also reported in the interval 1 < p T < 36 GeV/c as a function of the collision centrality, and the central-to-peripheral ratios are computed from the D-meson yields measured in different centrality classes. The results are further compared with charged-particle measurements and a similar trend is observed in all the centrality classes. The ratios of the p T-differential cross sections of D0, D+, D*+, and D S + $$ {\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}}^{+} $$ mesons are also reported. The D S + $$ {\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{S}}^{+} $$ and D+ yields are compared as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity for several p T intervals. No modification in the relative abundances of the four species is observed with respect to pp collisions within the statistical and systematic uncertainties.
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