Nutrition history in Indonesia began in 1887, when Christiann Eijkman discovered the relationship between vitamin B-1 deficiency and beri-beri. In the 1950's, the socialization of nutrition messages ...started with the introduction of "Healthy Four Perfect Five" (Empat Sehat Lima Sempurna-ESLS). For the next 25 years after that, ESLS became a favorite in nutrition education and was nationally known. Although the ESLS was never evaluated, food consumption pattern of Indonesians are never balanced. Undernutrition is rampant and overnutrition emerged. In 1995 the Indonesian food-based dietary guidelines was launched by the Ministry of Health, and formally incorporated into the nutrition policy. The Guide has 13 messages. Again, the guidelines were never evaluated; in 2010 undernutrition persists and the prevalence of degenerative diseases increased. Thus, it is urgent for Indonesia to have concrete Nutrition Guidelines (Gizi Seimbang) covering messages like: (1) consume a variety of foods; (2) keep clean; (3) be active, exercise regularly; and (4) monitor body weight. The guidelines shall be developed for all age groups. The guidelines were tested to over 300 audiences and the responses were promising. Dissemination of the messages widely within the formal channels is compulsory. The new Nutrition Guideline messages are an open concept ready to be revised accordingly. It is evident that nutrition sciences and its application had undergone rapid changes over time and Indonesia need to adopt accordingly and timely. Although, outcomes may not be seen in a short time, longer term output will benefit future generations.
This investigation aims to examine and anatomize the weight of product quality and service quality variables on customer satisfpretense at PT Tigabelas Pilar Mandiri in South Jakarta. This research ...usual multiple linear regression method where the data was cured by SPSS program. The sample consisted of 61 respondents who were customers of PT Tigabelas Pilar Mandiri in 2020. The instrument usual to collect data was a structured questionnaire with a Likert scale consisting of 32 questions that were composed based on indicators and measurement derived from every variproof. The results showed that: (1) Product Quality impresss Customer Satisfpretense by 57.2%; (2) Service Quality impresss Customer Satisfpretense by 33.3%; (3) Product Quality and Service Quality synchronously impress Customer Satisfpretense by 57.8%.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang bagaimana perusahaan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi rantai pasok mereka dengan memanfaatkan berbagai faktor yang telah ...disebutkan, serta untuk menawarkan panduan praktis bagi perusahaan dan pemerintah dalam mengatasi tantangan yang terkait. Artikel ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dalam bentuk literatur review yang berasal dari artikel - artikel yang terkait dengan variabel yang dijabarkan hasil temuan dan peneliti memberikan suatu pandangan sebagai suatu kontribusi sebagai hasil dalam artikel ini. Implementasi yang bijak dari berbagai faktor dalam rantai pasokan dapat membawa dampak positif terhadap efisiensi, keamanan, dan kinerja bisnis secara keseluruhan. Perusahaan perlu memperhatikan perkembangan teknologi, regulasi pemerintah, dan kolaborasi dengan berbagai pihak untuk memastikan rantai pasokan mereka dapat beroperasi secara efisien dan responsif terhadap perubahan lingkungan bisnis
Background and objectives: The role of multi-micronutrients (MMN) supplementation to improve birth weight is still debatable. Its role on pregnancy outcomes may involve the Interleukin 12 (IL-12) and ...human Placental Lactogen (hPL). This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of prolonging multi-micronutrients supplementation 2-6 months prior to pregnancy on birth weight in relation to IL-12 and hPL concentration during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Methods: A randomized double blind community-based trial was conducted at District of Probolinggo East Java, Indonesia. A two-arms study consists of group I received placebo before pregnancy and continued with daily iron and folic acid (IFA) during pregnancy, and group II received multi-micronutrient containing 15 micronutrients, 2 other days before pregnancy and continued with daily dose during pregnancy. A sample size of 115 pregnancy outcomes was obtained from 420 eligible brides-to-be. The primary outcome variable is birth weight. Concentration of IL-12 and hPL in the last trimester, gestational age, maternal weight gain and placental weight were assessed as the intervening variables. Preconceptional BMI, concentration of serum retinol, serum zinc, and serum ferritin prior to pregnancy were assed as baseline data. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance to evaluate effect of supplementation. Causal relationship among variables was tested by using analysis of structural equation modelling. Results: The characteristic between treatment group and control group were not different (Box's M value p = 0,398; Hotelling's Trace value p = 0,478I). Results show that compare to iron folic acid supplementation, subjects who received multi-micronutrients supplementation 2-6 months prior to pregnancy have lower IL-12 concentration by 0.10 pg/mL (p=0,665), higher hPL concentration by 1.14 mg/L (p=0,014), longer gestational age by 1.66 weeks (p=0,539), but no difference of total weight gain (p=0,995). There is significantly higher of placental weight and birth weight by 83.59 grams (p=0,000) and 309.89 grams (p=0,000) respectively (p=0,000). Conclusions: It implies that prolonging multi-micronutrient supplementation 2-6 months prior to pregnancy and being continued during pregnancy improves birth weight by increasing hPL production and placental weight, as well as controlling maternal immune response, particularly reducing IL-12 concentration in last trimester.
Conservation organizations often invest considerable resources in education and outreach activities in and around marine protected areas (MPAs). The expectation is that such efforts will change local ...knowledge, attitudes and ultimately behavior. This is one of the first studies to assess the efficacy of using education and outreach activities to improve community knowledge and attitudes about an MPA. Random sample surveys in 2005 and 2010 (n=1213) before and after education and outreach activities are compared. Program budgets for the same period give the investment levels. With an investment level averaging US$24 per capita/year, the result was an average increase of 33% in “yes” responses across 15 indicators of knowledge and attitudes towards marine conservation. The increase in knowledge and positive attitudes was associated with a large decrease in “not sure” responses, suggesting that community members with fewer initial preconceptions are the most effective target for education and outreach activities. This study demonstrates that investments in MPA education and outreach can generate increases in local knowledge and positive attitudes, and changing knowledge and attitudes is expected to contribute to the long-term compliance with MPA regulations.
► Education and outreach in MPAs to improve marine conservation knowledge and attitudes. ► Before and after surveys to measure changes. ► 15 indicators of local knowledge and positive attitudes increased on average 33%. ► Investments average US$24 per capita/year over seven years.
Background and objectives: Nutritional status during preconception period is an important determinant of pregnancy outcome. Cultural norms, taboo, and beliefs lie within the contextual factors that ...could potentially affect nutritional status and health in preconception women Methods: This study aims to identify relation between Jamu consumption (traditional herbs) and food restriction (taboo) against hemoglobin (Hb) value in preconception women in Banggai Regency in the year 2016-2017. This study used cross sectional design with saturated sampling technique. The population in this study were 53 preconceptional women that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria to judge the several factors that affect the value of Hb. Bivariate analysis using unpaired t test. Results: The result show that stated hemoglobin levels average is 12.76 g / dL and the mean value 13.0 g / dL with the lowest hemoglobin value of 7.3 g / dL and hemoglobin highest value 15.9 g / dL. The test results of bivariate showed no significant difference in mean hemoglobin values among women whose consume herbs and women who did not (p = 0.751), there was no significant difference in mean hemoglobin values between groups of women with certain food restriction (taboo) and those who do not have restriction on certain foods (p = 0.231), there are no significant differences in mean hemoglobin values among women who do not consume herbs and those who consume herbs (p = 0753) Conclusions: It is important to be aware of the pharmacological content of the medication particularly when it is systemically administered. Food taboos influence the amount, frequency and quality of nutrients as contributing factor against hemoglobin level and nutritional status of women before pregnancy. Hence, we need integrated and comprehensive approaches, with interventions to improve the overall health of the preconception women in this specific cultural context.
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