Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria in cross-linked alginate beads is of major interest for improving the survivability in harsh acid and bile environment and also in food matrices. Alginate micro ...beads (10–40
μm) containing the probiotics
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM were produced by a novel technique based on dual aerosols of alginate solution and CaCl
2 cross linking solution. Extruded macro beads (approximately 2
mm diameter) produced by the conventional method and micro beads produced by novel aerosols technique offered comparable protection to
L. rhamnosus in high acid and bile environment. Chitosan coating of micro beads resulted in a significant increase in survival time of
L. rhamnosus from 40 to 120
min in acid condition and the reduction in cell numbers was confined to 0.94 log over this time. Alginate macro beads are more effective than micro beads in protecting
L. acidophilus against high acid and bile. Chitosan coating of micro beads resulted in similar protection to
L. acidophilus in macro beads in acid and extended the survival time from 90 to at least 120
min. Viability of this organism in micro beads was 3.5 log after 120
min. The continuous processing capability and scale-up potential of the dual aerosol technique offers potential for an efficient encapsulation of probiotics in very small alginate micro beads below sensorial detection limits while still being able to confer effective protection in acid and bile environment.
► Novel technique involving dual aerosols of alginate and CaCl
2 solutions form alginate micro beads (10–40
μm), encapsulating the probiotics
L. rhamnosus GG and
L. acidophilus NCFM. ► Comparison of micro and macro beads showed similar resistance in acid and bile environment for
L. rhamnosus. Alginate macro beads were more effective than micro beads in protecting
L. acidophilus NCFM against acid and bile tolerance. ► Chitosan coating showed best survivability of micro beads in both strains in acid and bile environment.
Oats are increasingly recognized as super food owing to the presence of multiple health promoting substances. Five indigenous oat cultivars S2000, PD2LV65, SGD2011, Avon and SGD81 were characterized ...physico-chemically and nutritonally. Avon showed the maximum (12.69 g100 g-
1
dry solids) protein content indicating potential to be used as protein source for animal and human food, whereas SGD-81 excelled incrude fiber contents (17.83 g100 g-
1
dry solids). Avon showed the highest fat contents (6.67 g100 g-
1
dry solids). Maximum moisture contents showed by the SGD-81 (9.29 g100 g-
1
dry solids). SGD-2011 showed maximum ash contents (6.02 g100 g-
1
dry solids). S-2000 showed the maximum nitrogen-free extract (60.78 g100 g-1 dry solids) and thousand grain weight (36.74 g). Highest Zn (0.176 mg g-
1
of dry solids) and Fe (0.032 mg/g-
1
dry solids) contents were found in Avon. Avon showed maxium bulk density of 0.76 g/cc and Avon grains had maximum length and breadth ratio (2.93). The highest water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and emulsion stability were shown by SGD-81 as 188.33%, 218.754% and 73.13%, respectively. The highest foaming capacity was shown by S-2000 (20%) and the highest emulsion activity was shown by SGD 2011 (56.84%). Amino acid profiling showed the highest outcome 105.67 g kg
−1
of dry solids by SGD-2011.While least 99.13 g kg
−1
of dry solids depicted by S2000. Total phenolic contents varied from 36.07 to 59.6 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE), total flavonoids (754.16-1056.66 mg of quercetin equivalent:QE), TfoC (663.75-697.5 mg QE), % scavenging activity (24.33-55.88%) and anthocyanin contents of 0.5-2.87 mg of C3 G kg
−1
. SGD-81 was loaded with promising nutraceutical potential. SGD-81 would be good substitute of fiber and also loaded with other promising functional attributes including total flavonoid contents, total phenolic contents, total flavonol conetnts and anthocyanin contents. There is great potential for value addition of the oat cultivar SGD-81.
NFE: Nitrogen-Free Extract; WAC: Water absorption capacity; NFE: Nitrogen-Free Extract; OAC: Oil absorption capacity; TGW: Thousand grain weight; FC: foaming capacity; BD: Bulk density; EA: Emulsion activity; L/B ratio: Length and breadth ratio; TFC: Total flavonoid contents; TFoC: Total flavonol contents; DPPH-2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl; NAA: Nonessential amino acid; TAA: total amino acids; ES: Emulsion stability; TPC: Total phenolic contents; ppm: parts per million; EAA: Essential amino acids; mg of C3G kg
−1
-milligram of Cyanidine 3-glucoside per kilogram
L. acidophilus is a homofermentative, microaerophilic, short chain gram positive microorganism with rod morphology having its bacteriocins belonging to class II a. Several bacteriocins of L. ...acidophilus have been isolated and characterized. These are structurally similar, but their molecular weight varies as well as their spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They exhibit important technical properties, i.e., thermostability and retaining of activity at a wide pH range along with strong inhibitory actions against food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria make them an important class of biopreservatives. L. acidophilus can be added as an adjunct in many food fermentation processes contributing to unique taste, flavor, and texture. It also preserves the products by producing lactic acid and bacteriocins. A lot of new information regarding the bacteriocins of L. acidophilus has emerged during the last few years. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize and discuss all the available information regarding the sources of bacteriocins production, their characteristics, and their antimicrobial action along with their application.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
GG (LGG) and
Lactobacillus acidophilus
NCFM (LNCFM) were encapsulated in alginate microgel particles (microbeads) by a novel dual aerosols method. The encapsulated probiotics ...in microbead gel matrix were further stabilized in maltodextrin solids by either spray or freeze-drying to form probiotic microcapsule powders. The free cells of probiotics were also sprayed and freeze-dried in maltodextrin only without microgel encapsulation. After rehydration of microgel-encapsulated powder, gel particles regained their shape. There was no difference in the loss of viability between encapsulated and unencapsulated probiotics during spray drying or freeze-drying. For LNCFM, spray-dried bacteria with or without gel encapsulation exhibited less death (3.03 and 3.07 log CFU/g reduction, respectively) than those of freeze-dried bacteria (4.36 and 4.89 log CFU/g reduction, respectively) after 6 months storage at 4 °C. The same trend was also observed in spray-dried LGG without gel encapsulation which showed 5.87 log CFU/g reduction in viability after 6 months at 4 °C; however, freeze-dried LGG without gel encapsulation exhibited a rapid reduction in viability of 5.91 log CFU/g within just 2 months. Gel-encapsulated LGG which was freeze-dried exhibited less death (3.32 log CFU/g reduction) after 6 months at 4 °C. This work shows that spray drying results in improved subsequent probiotic survivability compared to freeze-drying and that alginate gel encapsulation can improve the survivability following freeze-drying in a probiotic-dependent manner.
Abstract
Background
Infectious disease surveillance tracks disease epidemiology and informs prevention and control. Public health measures implemented in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 ...to 2022) affected infectious disease epidemiology. We examined notifiable disease epidemiology in Australia from 2012 to 2022, evaluating disease trends and pandemic impacts.
Methods
We analysed case notifications supplied to the Australian National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2022. The annual incidence and notification incidence trends were calculated and the average changes in annual incidence were investigated by Poisson regression.
Results
Over the study period, there were 14,087,045 notifications of 68 diseases. Respiratory diseases were the most commonly notified disease group (83% of all notifications) and vector-borne diseases the least (< 1%). The ten highest-incidence diseases comprised 97% of all notifications over the study period, with COVID-19 alone accounting for 72%. Notifications were most common among the 20–39-year age group (37%). From 2012–2019, notification incidence of gastrointestinal, respiratory and sexually transmissible infections increased, whereas for bloodborne viral hepatitis, vector-borne diseases and imported diseases it decreased. From 2020–2021, average notification incidence of most non-COVID-19 respiratory diseases decreased compared to the 2012–2019 period; sexually transmissible infections notification incidence remained fairly stable; notification incidence of some gastrointestinal diseases increased while others decreased; and notification of imported diseases markedly decreased. A rebound in notification incidence was seen for most diseases in 2022.
Conclusions
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, most notifiable diseases had increasing notification incidence, except for bloodborne viral hepatitis, vector-borne diseases and imported diseases. COVID-19-related public health measures had variable impacts on notifiable diseases.
After cellulose, lignin is the most commonly used natural polymer in green biomaterials. Pulp and paper mills and emerging cellulosic biorefineries are the main sources of technical lignin. However, ...only 2–5% of lignin has been converted into biomaterials. Making lignin-based polymer biocomposites to replace petroleum-based composites has piqued the interest of many researchers worldwide due to the positive environmental impact of traditional composites over time. In composite development, lignin is being used as a filler in commercial polymers to improve biodegradability and possibly lower production costs. As a natural polymer, lignin may have different properties depending on the isolation method and source, affecting polymer-based composites. The application has been affected by the characteristics of lignin and the uniform distribution of lignin in polymers. The review’s goal was to provide an overview of technical lignin extraction, properties, and its potential appropriate utilization. It was also planned to revisit the lignin-based composites’ preparation procedure as well as their composite characteristics. Solvent casting and extrusion methods are used to fabricate lignin from polymeric matrices such as polypropylene, epoxy, polyvinyl alcohol, polylactic acid, starch, wood fiber, natural rubber, and chitosan. Packaging, biomedical materials, automotive, advanced biocomposites, flame retardant, and other applications for lignin-based composites has existed. As a result, the technology is still being refined to increase the performance of lignin-based biocomposites in several applications. This review could assist explain lignin’s position as a composite additive, which could lead to more efficient processing and application strategies.
In Victoria, Australia, invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W increased from 4% of all cases in 2013 to 30% in 2015. This increase resulted largely from strains ...similar to those in the serogroup W sequence type 11 clonal complex, previously described in the United Kingdom and South America.
Indigenous dahi is an analogue to fermented milk product of Pakistan produce by uncharacterized strains of LAB. It hides lots of health beneficial properties and unexplored micro-flora. On microbial ...examination of indigenous dahi, it was found that
L. fermentum
was most dominant
spp.
(22 isolates) of LAB in it. Upon safety assessment eleven showed negative hemolytic and gelatinase activity. All these eleven strains were molecularly characterized through PCR by using universal primers (9F and 1510R). Obtained sequences were submitted to Gene data base of NCBI under accession numbers KX944639-42, KX957930-33 and KY069971-73. Furthermore these strains were screened on the basis of acid and bile tolerance and antimicrobial activity. KX957931, KX957932 and KY069973 were selected for further studies of functional attributes.
Dahi is a very common and traditional fermented dairy product in Pakistan and its neighboring countries, it represents a rich source for the isolation of many new strains of lactic acid bacteria ...(LAB). The major objective of this study was to evaluate the probiotic potential of novel exopolysaccharide (EPS)‐producing strains of S. thermophilus isolated from Dahi, sold in the local markets of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. In this study, 32 isolates of S. thermophilus were initially isolated from Dahi and out of these, 10 identified strains were further screened for their EPS‐producing ability. Maximum EPS production was estimated for RIY strain (133.0 ± 0.06), followed by RIH4 strain (103.83 ± 0.76) and RIRT2 strain (95.77 ± 0.22), respectively. Thereafter, in vitro studies revealed that these newly identified EPS‐producing strains of S. thermophilus fulfilled the basic requirements for probiotic functions; including resistance to harsh conditions of GIT, good cell surface hydrophobicity, auto‐aggregation, and co‐aggregation, especially against L. monocytogenes. Finally, the safety assessment displayed that these strains were also sensitive to clinical antibiotics, including vancomycin. Thus, these selected EPS strains of S. thermophilus act as potential candidates for biostabilizers in the preparation of consumer‐friendly fermented probiotic milk products.
Dahi is a famous fermented dairy product in Pakistan used for LAB isolation. S. thermophilus EPS‐generating strains were isolated from Dahi obtained in the marketplaces of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Ten S. thermophilus strains were chosen for EPS production testing. This was followed by selecting three strains RIY (133.00.06), RIH4 (103.830.76), and RIRT2 (95.770.22). We chose these three strains based on their antibiotic susceptibility and acid/bile tolerance. In RIRT2, L. monocytogenes ATCC19115 survived at 0.3 and 1.5 percent bile. RIY exhibited the best acid tolerance (69%) and survival (25%), followed by RIH4 (nearly 65%) and RIH5 (almost 20%). RIY had the highest bile tolerance (0.3%), followed by RIH4 (80%) and RIRT2 (>70%). On the heels of RIRT2, RIY (57.7B) and RIH4 (97.80.4). (56.8C). Antibiotic resistance was found in all three.
The main objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate anti-diabetic potential of polyherbal formulation (PHF) using Nigella sativa, Cinnamomumverum, Allium sativum, Zingiberofficinale, ...Curcuma longa and Trigonellafoenumgraecum for management of diabetes. The PHF was investigated by advanced analytical techniques. The proximate analysis of PHF revealed all parameters were within the limits indicating no adulteration and contamination. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT- IR) spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of bio-active phytochemicals including phenolic compounds, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic constituents that are good therapeutic potential for prevention and management of diabetes. The efficacy of PHF was evaluated by dividing into four groups (PHF 1.5 g, PHF 3.0 g, metformin 500 mg and placebo) of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients for 90 consecutive days and monitored on a monthly basis. PHF 3.0 g dose showed a significantly higher anti-diabetic effect as compared to PHF 1.5 g while comparable results in relation to metformin 500 mg. The phytochemical characterization of PHF will ensure its quality and safety. Moreover, the anti-diabetic efficacy of PHF is comparable with anti-diabetic efficacy of metformin. PHF has the potential to achieve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with a diabetic diet prescribed.
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