•Reviewed 382 scientific papers on reverse logistics and closed loop supply chain.•Content analysis is employed to ensure the scientific rigor of this review.•Gaps of related research is identified ...and future research opportunities are identified.
Based on environmental, legal, social, and economic factors, reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain issues have attracted attention among both academia and practitioners. This attention is evident by the vast number of publications in scientific journals which have been published in recent years. Hence, a comprehensive literature review of recent and state-of-the-art papers is vital to draw a framework of the past, and to shed light on future directions. The aim of this paper is to review recently published papers in reverse logistic and closed-loop supply chain in scientific journals. A total of 382 papers published between January 2007 and March 2013 are selected and reviewed. The papers are then analyzed and categorized to construct a useful foundation of past research. Finally, gaps in the literature are identified to clarify and to suggest future research opportunities.
Today, tracking the growing interest in closed-loop supply chain shown by both practitioners and academia is easily possible. There are many factors, which transform closed-loop supply chain issues ...into a unique and vital subject in supply chain management, such as environmental legislation, customer awareness, and the economical motivations of the organizations. However, designing and planning a closed-loop supply chain is an NP-hard problem, which makes it difficult to achieve acceptable results in a reasonable time. In this paper, we try to cope with this problem by proposing a new and effective solution methodology. On the other hand, this research considers improving closed-loop supply chain network optimization processes through dealing with mathematical programming tools; developing a deterministic multi-product, multi-echelon, multi-period model; and finally presenting an appropriate methodology to solve various sizes of instances. Both design and planning decision variables (location and allocation) are considered in the proposed network. Besides, in order to have a reliable performance evaluation process, large-scale instances are regarded in computational analysis. Two popular meta-heuristic algorithms are considered to develop a new elevated hybrid algorithm: the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Analyzing the above-mentioned algorithms’ strengths and weaknesses leads us to attempt to improve the GA using some aspects of PSO. Therefore, a new hybrid algorithm is proposed and a complete validation process is undertaken using CPLEX and MATLAB software. In small instances, the global optimum points of CPLEX for the proposed hybrid algorithm are compared to genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization. Then, in small, mid, and large-size instances, performances of the proposed meta-heuristics are analyzed and evaluated. Finally, a case study involving an Iranian hospital furniture manufacturer is used to evaluate the proposed solution approach. The results reveal the superiority of the proposed hybrid algorithm when compared to the GA and PSO.
This paper considers a real case problem of supply chain network design inspired from a wheat distribution network in Iran. It generates a network with capacity acquisition and fleet management. The ...problem first is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming model. Then, a logic-based Benders decomposition algorithm is appropriately developed as the solution methodology. In the presented algorithm, the problem is decomposed into two models of master and subproblem. The master problem is improved by means of the preprocessing and valid inequalities. Moreover, three Benders cuts, one optimality and two feasibility cuts, are developed for the algorithm. The general and relative performance of the model and algorithm is experimentally evaluated. The wheat distribution system of Iran is considered here as the case study of this research. The model is developed based on Iran’s wheat distribution system. All the results show that the algorithm significantly outperforms the mathematical model of the case study. For example, the algorithm solves 95% of the tested instances to optimality, yet the model solves 29%.
The paper aims to present a multi-product, multi-stage, multi-period, and multi-objective, probabilistic mixed-integer linear programming model for a sustainable forward and reverse logistics network ...problem. It looks at original and return products to determine both flows in the supply chain—forward and reverse—simultaneously. Besides, to establish centres of forward and reverse logistics activities and make a decision for transportation strategy in a more close-to-real manner, the demand is considered uncertain. We attempt to represent all major dimensions in the objective functions: First objective function is minimizing the processing, transportation, fixed establishing cost and costs of CO
2
emission as environmental impacts. Furthermore, the processing time of reverse logistics activities is developed as the second objective function. Finally, in the third objective function, it is tried to maximize social responsibility. Indeed, a complete sustainable approach is developed in this paper. In addition, this model provides novel environmental constraint and social matters in the objective functions as its innovation and contribution. Another contribution of this paper is using probabilistic programming to manage uncertain parameters. Moreover, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is configured to achieve Pareto front solutions. The performance of the NSGA-II is compared with a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) by proposing 10 appropriate test problems according to five comparison metrics using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to validate the modeling approach. Overall, according to the results of ANOVA and the comparison metrics, the performance of NSGA-II algorithm is more satisfying compared with that of MOPSO algorithm.
This study aimed to determine the effect of land-use changes on the non-carcinogenic health risk of nitrate ion exposure of underground drinking water resources in Shiraz (Iran). To this end, 175 ...chemical samples for the nitrate analysis were regularly taken from 35 drinking water wells of Shiraz from 2013 to 2017, and their results were zoned using GIS. Hazard quotient (HQ) induced by nitrate ion exposure was determined in four age groups: infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Area changes of four types of land-use, including residential, agricultural and green space, industrial, and bare land within a radius of 400 m of drinking water wells, were determined using the GIS and Google Earth software. Then, all data was imported to Matlab 2018 for statistical analysis. The results showed that mean nitrate concentration increased by 2.5 mg L
−1
from 2013 to 2017. According to the zoning map, 5 and 11.4% of the area in 2013 and 2017, respectively, exceeded the drinking water standard set by nitrate (i.e., 50 mg/L). Air temperature and precipitation variations also influenced nitrate concentrations and HQ changes (
R
temperature
= 0.67). Children’s age group was the most vulnerable, and during the study period, this vulnerability was an increasing trend, so that the HQ from 0.93 in 2013 to 0.97 in 2017 has increased. The rate of land-use changes in agricultural, industrial, bare, and urban was −1.8%, 1.3%, −4.6%, and 2.1%, respectively, and the highest correlation was observed between HQ and Diff.l residential land use (
R
infant
= 0.55). According to the results, the most influential factor in HQ was air temperature (
R
= 0.66), and urban land-use change (
R
> 0.44). To sum up, this study’s results showed that land-use changes, especially urban and residential development, significantly affect groundwater nitrate concentration and its degree of HQ. Moreover, increasing temperature and decreasing annual precipitation can also increase the severity of this risk.
Rapid urbanization, population growth, agricultural practices, and industrial activities have led to widespread groundwater contamination. This study evaluated heavy metal contamination in ...residential drinking water in Shiraz, Iran (2021). The analysis involved 80 groundwater samples collected across wet and dry seasons. Water quality was comprehensively assessed using several indices, including the heavy metals evaluation index (HEI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), contamination degree (CD), and metal index (MI). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments were conducted using deterministic and probabilistic approaches for exposed populations. In the non-carcinogenic risk assessment, the chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) are employed. The precision of risk assessment was bolstered through the utilization of Monte Carlo simulation, executed using the R software platform. Based on the results, in both wet and dry seasons, Zinc (Zn) consistently demonstrates the highest mean concentration, followed by Manganese (Mn) and Chromium (Cr). During the wet and dry seasons, 25% and 40% of the regions exhibited high CD, respectively. According to non-carcinogenic risk assessment, Cr presents the highest CDI and HQ in children and adults, followed by Mn, As and HI values, indicating elevated risk for children. The highest carcinogenic risk was for Cr in adults, while the lowest was for Cd in children. The sensitivity analysis found that heavy metal concentration and ingestion rate significantly impact both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. These findings provide critical insights for shaping policy and allocating resources towards effectively managing heavy metal contamination in residential drinking water.
In the recent decades, global warming has caused water shortages all over the world. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of drought caused by climate change on the chemical quality of ...groundwater in Saveh County, Markazi province, Iran. The physicochemical parameters of 29 wells were analyzed by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) during the drought period 2004–2015. Wilcox and Schoeller diagrams were applied to evaluate the water quality of wells for irrigation and drinking purposes, respectively. Schoeller diagram was consulted to show the relative concentrations of anions and cations typically expressed in milliequivalents per liter. Also, the Wilcox diagram was consulted to determine the suitability of water for agriculture purposes. Finally, the geographic information system was applied to the zoning of the groundwater quality parameters. According to the results, almost 90% of wells were in the category of “very salty and harmful for agriculture uses” in the last year of the study period (2015). The Schoeller diagram suggests that the water quality of 72.5, 10.4, 65.5, 100, 44.9, and 69% of wells were inappropriate and exceeded the Iranian National Standard level, in terms of TDS, TH, Na
+
، Mg
2+
,
Cl
−
, and SO
4
2−
in 2015, respectively. A decrease in yearly average precipitation during the studied period has not only caused overuse of groundwater as the primary water resources but also led to a significant decline in its chemical quality.
One of the main concepts in group technology (GT) is the cellular manufacturing system (CMS) with three main problems of cell formation (CF), cell layout (CL), and cell scheduling (CS). This paper ...studies the cell layout problem (CLP), aiming to find the optimal layout of machines within each cell (intracellular layout) and the optimal layout of cells in each workshop (intercellular layout). To adapt to reality, the dimensions of the cells and machines (inside each cell) were considered unequal, and also the cells and machines could rotate. We believe that a cellular layout that assumes unequal dimensions of the cells and machines can be used for batch production. This kind of production has a wide variety of low to medium demand. Furthermore, a cellular layout can be applied in CMSs and also in noncontinuous industries that have a job shop layout. Our main contribution is considering the possibility of rotating the cells and machines inside the cells. For this purpose, a mixed nonlinear programming model was developed to solve the CLP with the minimum cost of intracellular and intercellular material flows. The proposed nonlinear model was first converted into a linear model, and then a problem was generated and solved with GAMS software to validate the resulting linear model. This model finds the best layout of cells within the workshop and the best layout of machines inside each cell. Then, because of the NP-hardness of the CLP and the fact that even exact methods cannot solve large-scale examples in an acceptable computational time, an imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) was designed and used to solve the problem. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, its numerical results in small dimensions were compared with the results of GAMS software. In large dimensions, 30 random problems were created, and the results of ICA were compared with the results of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). Finally, the parameters of the three meta-heuristic algorithms were set by the Taguchi method. Numerical results indicated that ICA was superior to both the PSO algorithm and GA. It could also achieve efficient solutions in a shorter computational time.
The quality of irrigation water sources can significantly affect the concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in cultivated vegetables. This study aimed to investigate the effect of various water ...resources, including treated wastewater effluent (TWE), river water (RW), and well water with chemical fertilizer (WW+F), on the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in the three most widely consumed edible vegetables (Coriander, Radish, and Basil) in Iran. A total of 90 samples of edible vegetables, 13 samples of irrigation water, and 10 soil samples were collected to determine HMs concentrations. Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni,) and Arsenic (As) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Eventually, the Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) for the toxic metals of As, Pb, and Cd was determined. The results revealed that the TTHQ of toxic metals in vegetables was less than the allowable limits (TTHQ = 1). Also, TWE was the best irrigation water type since the HMs content of vegetables was low. By comparing the results with national and international standards, it can be concluded that the Gharasou RW for irrigation of edible vegetables was inappropriate.
Mining industries in general and stone mining in particular play a vital-infrastructural role in any economy due to its vast impacts on other sectors such as construction, production, and even ...banking. The main purpose of this research is to investigate sustainability aspects of mining industry of decorative stone quarries in Iran in general and a specific case study in particular through a mathematical optimization approach. In this paper, a novel closed-loop approach is proposed for the first time (to the best of our knowledge) to be utilized in a real-case travertine quarry. Indeed, a stone quarry is considered and a closed-loop network is provided to determine appropriate strategies for stone wastes and end of life stones of the buildings. The quarry extracts the stone blocks from the mountain and then cut them into the appropriate pieces by wire sawing machines. Besides, at the decorative stone quarry, based on the insight observations, the outputs are in 4 grades based on their quality depend on the fractures and cleavages of the cut stones.
In the presented network, by focusing on decorative stones, recycling centers are the main player of collecting, processing, and selling the wastes and end of life stones. In order to regard sustainable approach, minimizing energy consumption is considered as well as profit maximization in the objective functions of the model and service level requirements. In addition, due to the real requirements, fixed-charged is considered in transportations. Then, in order to achieve the Pareto front and the non-dominated solutions, a repetitive ε-constraint approach is developed here. The principal results prove that the sustainable closed-loop approach is able to be implemented successfully in mining industry. The major conclusion of this study specially about the case study show that closed-loop supply chain of decorative stone quarries can be both profitable and feasible.
•Developing a novel closed-loop supply chain network for mining industry especially stone mining.•Product grading is considered based on the quality of outputs stones.•Considering a real case study in mining regarding waste management strategies in a CLSC network.•Regarding energy consumption as well as profit maximization in the presented sustainable model.•Fixed-charge transportation cost is considered due to the practical limitations in the quarries.
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