The adsorption behavior and mechanism of amino-crosslinked hypromellose (AHM) adsorbent crosslinked with epichlorohydrin and modified with diethylenetriamine were studied. This material is ...unprecedented, and the modification method used to obtain it is relatively simple. The parameters affecting the adsorption of methyl orange (MO) dye by AHM such as pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature were investigated. The experimental results show that the optimal adsorption time and dosage were 30 min and 3.6 g L
−1
, respectively. It was found that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model provide a good description of the adsorption process, indicating that the adsorption of MO by AHM is mainly controlled by the chemical bonding interactions. Analysis of the thermodynamic parameters showed that the process of MO adsorption on AHM is spontaneous and endothermic. The morphology, surface chemical bonding, crystal structure, specific surface area, and temperature stability of AHM were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, BET, and TGA measurements. The results showed that the AHM materials had large pores, which is favorable for adsorption. AHM may also have an increased content of amino-functional groups that are beneficial for adsorption. The maximum MO adsorption capacities of AHM were 15.56 mg g
−1
, whereas the maximum adsorption capacity of the unmodified hypromellose was 2.12 mg g
−1
. It is important to note that the adsorption efficiency of AHM remained above 62% after five adsorption–desorption experiments. Therefore, AHM can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly adsorbent material for the removal of MO from water.
This study presents a rigorous computational framework for visualizing uncertainty of tsunami hazard and risk assessment. The methodology consists of three modules: (i) earthquake source ...characterization and stochastic simulation of slip distribution, (ii) tsunami propagation and inundation, and (iii) tsunami damage assessment and loss estimation. It takes into account numerous stochastic tsunami scenarios to evaluate the uncertainty propagation of earthquake source characteristics in probabilistic tsunami risk analysis. An extensive Monte Carlo tsunami inundation simulation is implemented for the 2011 Tohoku tsunami (focusing upon on Rikuzentakata along the Tohoku coast of Japan) using 726 stochastic slip models derived from eleven inverted source models. By integrating the tsunami hazard results with empirical tsunami fragility functions, probabilistic tsunami risk analysis and loss estimation are carried out; outputs from the analyses are displayed using various visualization methods. The developed framework is comprehensive, and can provide valuable insights in promoting proactive tsunami risk management and in improving emergency response capability.
A new iron‐facilitated silver‐mediated radical 1,2‐alkylarylation of styrenes with α‐carbonyl alkyl bromides and indoles is described, and two new C−C bonds were generated in a single step through a ...sequence of intermolecular C(sp3)−Br functionalization and C(sp2)−H functionalization across the alkenes. This method provides an efficient access to alkylated indoles with broad substrate scope and excellent selectivity.
Bridging alkene: An intermolecular arene C(sp2)−H functionalization strategy is established for the radical 1,2‐alkylarylation of styrenes with α‐carbonyl alkyl bromides and indoles using iron as the catalyst and silver as the promotor. This method enables the formation of two C−C bonds in a single reaction. acac=acetylacetonate.
•The levels, features, applicability and limitations of proposed techniques.•Key problems and solutions on ahead prospecting in complicated TBM-tunnel.•Suggestions on challenging techniques: focused ...resistivity, borehole GPR, TSWD.•The usage, case study and future topic of joint inversion in ahead prospecting.•Two key challenges discussed as key problems and future research focus.
Prediction of abnormal geological structures ahead tunnel drilling (ahead geological prospecting) has become an essential routine work in the tunnel excavation, offering particularly important priori information to ensure safe, economic and efficient tunneling. During the last 50years, ahead prospecting has evolved from drilling and geological analysis to include geophysical prospecting and integrated interpretation. By integrated interpretation, we mean an interpretation combined of several different geophysical methods or an intra-method integration involving modifications of a single method. By analyzing the available related literature on this topic, a detailed overview is provided. We provided a review of the principles, technical levels, trends, key problems and applications. The basic approaches, such as surface geology mapping can always provide rough and qualitative results with low resolution. Destructive in-tunnel ahead prospecting techniques have been frequently used in early ages of tunnel drilling to provide high resolution and accurate knowledge, mainly including pilot tunnel digging and borehole drilling. Logging measurements have been used to expand the use of boreholes either on earth surface or on the tunnel face. These measurements include geophysical and geochemical properties. Drilling and logging methods are destructive, time consuming and expensive. They can be justified in complicated geological scenarios and in areas that feature geo-hazards. Non-destructive geophysical methods have been developed and widely used in practical projects, including seismic methods (e.g., Horizontal Seismic Profiling method, Tunnel Seismic Prediction method, and True Reflection Tomography method), electromagnetic methods (e.g., Ground Penetrating Radar and Transient Electromagnetic Method) and electrical methods (e.g., Focused Resistivity or Induced Polarization). This paper analyzes the characteristics, advantages and applicability of a variety of techniques. Ahead prospecting should aim to determine the properties of the rock ahead of the tunnel face instead of assessing the structure. Besides, ahead geological prediction in the case of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) is more complicated than in the case of drilling-and-blasting methods. And, special requirements, such as rock mass parameters evaluation, also play an important role in TBM tunneling. Some ahead prospecting techniques related to the TBM-tunnel are not extensively used because the technology is not mature enough, facing some limitations in its operability. Relatively new approaches, such as 3D seismic methods, focused electrical methods and directional borehole-GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) methods, feature higher resolution and may be better suited to complex geology. In order to address complex problems, decrease the degree of non-uniqueness and inaccuracy, the joint, multidisciplinary integrated interpretation of ahead prospecting methods is required. It can achieve relatively better results than a single prediction method. Moreover, joint inversion of the prospecting data, simultaneously inverting disparate data sets, should increase the resolution and decrease ambiguities. This has been demonstrated by using a generalized joint inversion method called structural constrained inversion. In the end, two key challenges are discussed as key problems and future research focus. One is the quick acquisition and processing of ahead prospecting data, especially in TBM tunnels, and the other is the 3D virtualization of detection results and their intellectualized interpretation based on empirical prospecting results and expert system.
A novel copper‐catalyzed oxidative alkylation of α‐amino carbonyl compounds with ethers has been established for the selective synthesis of α‐etherized α‐amino carbonyl compounds. This oxidative ...alkylation is achieved by dual C(sp3)H bond oxidative cross‐coupling, and its scope is expanded to α‐amino ketones, α‐amino esters and α‐amino amides.
A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed 3+2/5+2 annulation of 4‐aryl 1‐tosyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with internal alkynes is presented. This transformation provides straightforward access to indeno1,7‐cdazepine ...architectures through a sequence involving the formation of a rhodium(III) azavinyl carbene, dual C(sp2)H functionalization, and 3+2/5+2 annulation.
A quantum leap in complexity: A general strategy based on rhodium(III) azavinyl carbene intermediates was established for the oxidative 3+2/5+2 annulation of 4‐aryl 1‐tosyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with alkynes. This general method provided densely functionalized indeno1,7‐cdazepine architectures with excellent selectivity through the functionalization of two C(sp2)H bonds (see scheme; Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, Ts= p‐toluenesulfonyl).
Abstract
Salt tolerance in plants is mediated by Na+ extrusion from the cytosol by the plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1. This is activated in Arabidopsis root by the protein kinase complex ...SOS2–SOS3 and in Arabidopsis shoot by the protein kinase complex CBL10–SOS2, with SOS2 as a key node in the two pathways. The sos1 mutant is more sensitive than the sos2 mutant, suggesting that other partners may positively regulate SOS1 activity. Arabidopsis has 26 CIPK family proteins of which CIPK8 is the closest homolog to SOS2. It is hypothesized that CIPK8 can activate Na+ extrusion by SOS1 similarly to SOS2. The plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchange activity of transgenic yeast co-expressing CBL10, CIPK8, and SOS1 was higher than that of untransformed and SOS1 transgenic yeast, resulting in a lower Na+ accumulation and a better growth phenotype under salinity. However, CIPK8 could not interact with SOS3, and the co-expression of SOS3, CIPK8, and SOS1 in yeast did not confer a significant salt tolerance phenotype relative to SOS1 transgenic yeast. Interestingly, cipk8 displayed a slower Na+ efflux, a higher Na+ level, and a more sensitive phenotype than wild-type Arabidopsis, but grew better than sos2 under salinity stress. As expected, sos2cipk8 exhibited a more severe salt damage phenotype relative to cipk8 or sos2. Overexpression of CIPK8 in both cipk8 and sos2cipk8 attenuated the salt sensitivity phenotype. These results suggest that CIPK8-mediated activation of SOS1 is CBL10-dependent and SOS3-independent, indicating that CIPK8 and SOS2 activity in shoots is sufficient for regulating Arabidopsis salt tolerance.
In Arabidopsis, the Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1, which functions in salt tolerance, is activated by the protein kinase complex CBL10–CIPK8 in shoots, independent of the root activator SOS3.
2,5‐Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is considered to be a promising replacement for terephthalic acid since they share similar structures and properties. In contrast to FDCA, 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid ...methyl (FDCAM) has properties that allow it to be easily purified. In this work, we reported an oxidative esterification of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural to prepare corresponding esters over CoxOy–N@C catalysts using O2 as benign oxidant. High yield and selectivity of FDCAM and methyl 2‐furoate were obtained under optimized conditions. Factors which influenced the product distribution were examined thoroughly. The CoxOy–N@C catalysts were recycled five times and no significant loss of activity was detected. Characterization of the catalysts could explain such phenomena. Using XPS and TGA, we made a thorough investigation of the effects of ligand and pyrolysis temperature on catalyst activity.
Happy Ester: The oxidative esterification of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural over CoxOy–N@C catalysts is performed using O2 as benign oxidant, obtaining the corresponding esters. High yield and selectivity of 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid methyl and methyl 2‐furoate are achieved under optimized conditions.
To improve the poor survival rate of lung cancer patients, we investigated the role of HDGF‐related protein 3 (HRP‐3) as a potential biomarker for lung cancer. The expression of endogenous HRP‐3 in ...human lung cancer tissues and xenograft tumor models is indicative of its clinical relevance in lung cancer. Additionally, we demonstrated that HRP‐3 directly binds to the E2F1 promoter on chromatin. Interestingly, HRP‐3 depletion in A549 cells impedes the binding of HRP‐3 to the E2F1 promoter; this in turn hampers the interaction between Histone H3/H4 and HDAC1/2 on the E2F1 promoter, while concomitantly inducing Histone H3/H4 acetylation around the E2F1 promoter. The enhanced Histone H3/H4 acetylation on the E2F1 promoter through HRP‐3 depletion increases the transcription level of E2F1. Furthermore, the increased E2F1 transcription levels lead to the enhanced transcription of Cyclin E, known as the E2F1‐responsive gene, thus inducing S‐phase accumulation. Therefore, our study provides evidence for the utility of HRP‐3 as a biomarker for the prognosis and treatment of lung cancer. Furthermore, we delineated the capacity of HRP‐3 to regulate the E2F1 transcription level via histone deacetylation.
HRP‐3 depletion–mediated S‐phase accumulation augments E2F1 transcription. HRP‐3 depletion induces H3/H4 acetylation and obstructs HRP‐3 binding to the E2F1 promoter. The reduction of HDAC 1/2 recruitment in the E2F1 promoter by HRP‐3 depletion increases H3/H4 acetylation in the E2F1 promoter.
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