ABSTRACT
We present new radio continuum images of the edge-on starburst galaxy NGC 5775, from LOFAR (140 MHz) and the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array CHANG-ES survey (1500 MHz). We trace the ...non-thermal radio halo up to 13 kpc from the disc, measuring the non-thermal spectral index and estimating the total equipartition magnetic field strength (≈13 $\mu$G in the disc and ≈7 $\mu$G above the plane). The radio halo has a similar extent at both frequencies, displays evidence for localized cosmic ray streaming coinciding with prominent H α filaments and vertical extensions of the regular magnetic field, and exhibits a boxy morphology especially at 140 MHz. In order to understand the nature of the disc–halo flow, we extend our previous model of cosmic ray propagation by implementing an iso-thermal wind with a tunable ‘flux tube’ (approximately hyperboloidal) geometry. This updated model is successful in matching the vertical distribution of non-thermal radio emission, and the vertical steepening of the associated spectral index, in a consistent conceptual framework with few free parameters. Our new model provides the opportunity to estimate the mass outflow driven by the star formation process, and we find an implied rate of $\dot{M}\approx 3$–$6\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }\, yr^{-1}}$ (≈40–80 per cent of the star formation rate) if the escape velocity is reached, with substantial uncertainty arising from the poorly understood distribution of interstellar medium material entrained in the vertical flow. The wind may play a role in influencing the vertical gradient in rotational velocity.
Purpose Multidisciplinary management improves complex treatment decision making in cancer care, but its impact for bladder cancer (BC) has not been documented. Although radical cystectomy (RC) ...currently is viewed as the standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), radiotherapy-based, bladder-sparing trimodal therapy (TMT) that combines transurethral resection of bladder tumor, chemotherapy for radiation sensitization, and external beam radiotherapy has emerged as a valid treatment option. In the absence of randomized studies, this study compared the oncologic outcomes between patients treated with RC or TMT by using a propensity score matched-cohort analysis. Methods Data from patients treated in a multidisciplinary bladder cancer clinic (MDBCC) from 2008 to 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Those who received TMT for MIBC were identified and matched (for sex, cT and cN stage, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status, Charlson comorbidity score, treatment date, age, carcinoma in situ status, and hydronephrosis) with propensity scores to patients who underwent RC. Overall survival and disease-specific survival (DSS) were assessed with Cox proportional hazards modeling and a competing risk analysis, respectively. Results A total of 112 patients with MIBC were included after matching (56 who had been treated with TMT, and 56 who underwent RC). The median age was 68.0 years, and 29.5% had stage cT3/cT4 disease. At a median follow-up of 4.51 years, there were 20 deaths (35.7%) in the RC group (13 as a result of BC) and 22 deaths (39.3%) in the TMT group (13 as a result of BC). The 5-year DSS rate was 73.2% and 76.6% in the RC and TMT groups, respectively ( P = .49). Salvage cystectomy was performed in 6 (10.7%) of 56 patients who received TMT. Conclusion In the setting of a MDBCC, TMT yielded survival outcomes similar to those of matched patients who underwent RC. Appropriately selected patients with MIBC should be offered the opportunity to discuss various treatment options, including organ-sparing TMT.
JCO
Initial results from the phase III JAVELIN Bladder 100 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02603432) showed that avelumab first-line (1L) maintenance plus best supportive care (BSC) ...significantly prolonged overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) versus BSC alone in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) who were progression-free after 1L platinum-containing chemotherapy. Avelumab 1L maintenance treatment is now a standard of care for aUC. Here, we report updated data with ≥ 2 years of follow-up in all patients, including OS (primary end point), PFS, safety, and additional novel analyses. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive avelumab plus BSC (n = 350) or BSC alone (n = 350). At data cutoff (June 4, 2021), median follow-up was 38.0 months and 39.6 months, respectively; 67 patients (19.5%) had received ≥2 years of avelumab treatment. OS remained longer with avelumab plus BSC versus BSC alone in all patients (hazard ratio, 0.76 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.91; 2-sided
= .0036). Investigator-assessed PFS analyses also favored avelumab. Longer-term safety was consistent with previous analyses; no new safety signals were identified with longer treatment duration. In conclusion, longer-term follow-up continues to show clinically meaningful efficacy benefits with avelumab 1L maintenance plus BSC versus BSC alone in patients with aUC. An interactive visualization of data reported in this article is available.
We present a model of large-scale dynamo action in a shear flow that has stochastic, zero-mean fluctuations of the α parameter. This is based on a minimal extension of the Kraichnan–Moffatt model, to ...include a background linear shear and Galilean-invariant α-statistics. Using the first-order smoothing approximation we derive a linear integro-differential equation for the large-scale magnetic field, which is non-perturbative in the shearing rate S , and the α-correlation time τα . The white-noise case, τα = 0 , is solved exactly, and it is concluded that the necessary condition for dynamo action is identical to the Kraichnan–Moffatt model without shear; this is because white-noise does not allow for memory effects, whereas shear needs time to act. To explore memory effects we reduce the integro-differential equation to a partial differential equation, valid for slowly varying fields when τα is small but non-zero. Seeking exponential modal solutions, we solve the modal dispersion relation and obtain an explicit expression for the growth rate as a function of the six independent parameters of the problem. A non-zero τα gives rise to new physical scales, and dynamo action is completely different from the white-noise case; e.g. even weak α fluctuations can give rise to a dynamo. We argue that, at any wavenumber, both Moffatt drift and Shear always contribute to increasing the growth rate. Two examples are presented: (a) a Moffatt drift dynamo in the absence of shear and (b) a Shear dynamo in the absence of Moffatt drift.
•Ru360 improved sensorimotor behavioral recovery in developing age Traumatic Brain Injured rats.•Ru360 treatment of Traumatic Brain Injured rats upregulated non-oxidative metabolism along with ...antioxidative effects.•While Ru360 was beneficial to ipsilateral neural viability in the injured brain, it was not beneficial contralaterally.•Brain mitochondrial functional diversity after unilateral Traumatic Brain Injury demonstrated.
Ru360, a mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake inhibitor, was tested in a unilateral fluid percussion TBI model in developing rats (P31). Vehicle and Ru360 treated TBI rats underwent sensorimotor behavioral monitoring between 24 and 72 h, thereafter which 185 brain metabolites were analyzed postmortem using LC/MS. Ru360 treatment after TBI improved sensorimotor behavioral recovery, upregulated glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways, mitigated oxidative stress and prevented NAD+ depletion across both hemispheres. While neural viability improved ipsilaterally, it reduced contralaterally. Ru360 treatment, overall, had a global impact with most benefit near the strongest injury impact areas, while perturbing mitochondrial oxidative energetics in the milder TBI impact areas.
We present a theory in three parts, of the secular dynamics of a (Keplerian) stellar system of mass M orbiting a black hole of mass M
• ≫ M. Here we describe the collisionless dynamics; Papers II and ...III are on the (collisional) theory of resonant relaxation. The mass ratio, ε = M/M
• ≪ 1, is a natural small parameter implying a separation of time-scales between the short Kepler orbital periods and the longer orbital precessional periods. The collisionless Boltzmann equation (CBE) for the stellar distribution function (DF) is averaged over the fast Kepler orbital phase using the method of multiple scales. The orbit-averaged system is described by a secular DF, F, in a reduced phase space. F obeys a secular CBE that includes stellar self-gravity, general relativistic corrections up to 1.5 post-Newtonian order, and external sources varying over secular times. Secular dynamics, even with general time dependence, conserves the semimajor axis of every star. This additional integral of motion promotes extra regularity of the stellar orbits, and enables the construction of equilibria, F
0, through a secular Jeans theorem. A linearized secular CBE determines the response and stability of F
0. Spherical, non-rotating equilibria may support long-lived, warp-like distortions. We also prove that an axisymmetric, zero-thickness, flat disc is secularly stable to all in-plane perturbations, when its DF, F
0, is a monotonic function of the angular momentum at fixed energy.
A novel polyion nanocomposite membrane was synthesized by doping the surface and matrix of sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) with polyaniline (PANi) nanoparticles to facilitate proton conduction in ...direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) application. The synthesized membrane exhibited effective, ionic interaction, dense morphology with high thermal stability, adequate tensile strength (60 Mpa) and considerable ion exchange capacity (2.2 meq g−1). The membrane exhibited low methanol permeability of 7.46 × 10−8 cm2s−1 with high proton conductivity (0.098 Scm−1) besides adequate hydrolytic and oxidative stabilities. A maximum power density of 99 mWcm−2 at a current density of 250 mAcm−2 was obtained with a single slice fuel cell setup. Molecular dynamics simulation based on the COMPASS force-field was applied to investigate the influence of PANi nanoparticles, temperature and hydration level on the diffusivity of hydronium ions. Rapid mass transfer of hydronium ions within the PANi incorporated SPES membrane, could be achieved at higher temperatures and hydration levels. Analysis by radial distribution function (RDF) revealed extensive interactions of sulfonic acid groups of SPES and amine groups of PANi with water molecules. The polyion complex membrane was found to exhibit significant prospect of scale-up for potential application in DMFC.
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•Sulfonated polyethersulfone/polyaniline nanocomposite proton conducting membrane.•Static and dynamic membrane properties analysis by molecular dynamics simulation.•Proton conductivity (0.098 Scm−1) with low methanol permeability (7.46 × 10−8 cm2s−1).•Maximum power density of 99 mWcm−2 at a current density of 250 mAcm−2.•Nanocomposite membrane has desired characteristics for DMFC application.
The Sweet Science of Glucose Transport Sridhar, Vikas S; Bargman, Joanne M
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,
10/2022, Letnik:
33, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Background
An older age at the diagnosis of prostate cancer has been linked to worse prostate cancer–specific survival (PCSS). However, these studies were conducted before the approval of many ...life‐prolonging drugs. This study was aimed at describing outcomes in a contemporary cohort of men diagnosed with de novo metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) and assessing associations with the age at diagnosis while controlling for known prognostic factors.
Methods
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry was used to identify men diagnosed with mPCa from 2004 to 2014. Men were classified by 4 age groups: ≤54, 55 to 64, 65 to 74, and ≥75 years. The median overall survival, PCSS, and restricted mean survival times for any‐cause mortality and prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM) were calculated. Multivariable and subdistribution hazard ratios for PCSM according to age group and with controlling for race, marital status, and income were estimated.
Results
Compared with men aged ≤54 years, men aged ≥75 years experienced a mean PCSS at 5 years that was 6.7 months shorter (95% confidence interval CI, 5.5‐7.8 months). In multivariable analyses, men aged ≥75 years had a 49% increase in the rate of PCSM in comparison with those aged ≤54 years (95% CI, 1.39‐1.60). The subdistribution hazard ratio for PCSM between these groups was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.32‐1.50).
Conclusions
Age was found to be an independent predictor of shorter PCSS in men diagnosed with de novo mPCa even in an era with more effective therapies. Further work is needed to determine the reason for poor outcomes in older men with mPCa.
Men 75 years old or older who are diagnosed with de novo metastatic prostate cancer have worse prostate cancer–specific survival than younger men. When it is appropriate, older men should be considered for all potentially effective therapies.
We study the resonant relaxation (RR) of an axisymmetric, low-mass (or Keplerian) stellar disc orbiting a more massive black hole (MBH). Our recent work on the general kinetic theory of RR is ...simplified in the standard manner by the neglect of 'gravitational polarization' and applied to a razor-thin axisymmetric disc. The wake of a stellar orbit is expressed in terms of the angular momenta exchanged with other orbits, and used to derive a kinetic equation for RR under the combined actions of self-gravity, 1 PN and 1.5 PN general relativistic effects of the MBH and an arbitrary external axisymmetric potential. This is a Fokker-Planck equation for the stellar distribution function (DF), wherein the diffusion coefficients are given self-consistently in terms of contributions from apsidal resonances between pairs of stellar orbits. The physical kinetics is studied for the two main cases of interest. (1) 'Lossless' discs in which the MBH is not a sink of stars, and disc mass, angular momentum and energy are conserved: we prove that general H-functions can increase or decrease during RR, but the Boltzmann entropy is (essentially) unique in being a non-decreasing function of time. Therefore, secular thermal equilibria are maximum entropy states, with DFs of the Boltzmann form; the two-ring correlation function at equilibrium is computed. (2) Discs that lose stars to the MBH through an 'empty loss cone': we derive expressions for the MBH feeding rates of mass, angular momentum and energy in terms of the diffusive fluxes at the loss-cone boundaries.
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