Mining is the branch of the economy which is most represented in the Varazdin County. The usable value of mineral raw materials is constantly changing, depending on the needs, and it is the job of ...the profession to continually assess its value. Mineral raw materials are usually defined as natural aggregates of minerals and/or natural compounds that can be used for different economic needs and are primarily considered from the point of view of the possibility of being put into function or through possible exploitation. The aim of this paper is to present the actual situation in the area related to the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the period from the preparation of the first Study of the potential and basis of mineral resources management in the Varazdin County to the present day through the analysis of the current spatial plans of cities and municipalities.
During mass blasting, seismic effects occur that can significantly damage existing buildings near the blasting site, depending on the amount of explosives and the blasting distance itself. An ...additional problem during blasting is the facilities located in the critical zone of mining works - the problem of unpredictable behavior of the soil or rock in relation to the propagation of seismic waves. Based on the measurements performed on the example presented in this paper at the site of the quarry EP "Zvecaj" (minefield at the level of the second floor K + 163 to K + 179), the method is explained, how quality and well-conducted research can determine optimal amounts of explosives per ignition level. Based on the performed measurement procedures and processed data, measured and obtained results of values of soil oscillation velocities in the direction of populated areas caused by production blasting in the quarry EP "Zvecaj", it follows that the conducted mining activity, consequently, had no damage. Blasting significantly affects the environment, due to the emission of noise and seismic action, which is manifested in the form of oscillations and elastic deformations of the rock, which is an artificial earthquake in which the place of explosion is its epicenter.
In this paper, the authors elaborated on the conversion of excess electricity, generated from renewable energy sources by water electrolysis, into chemical energy and on its underground storing. ...Specifically, one of potential solutions in the function of transition and decarbonization of the energy sector is a project of conversion and storage of wind and solar energy, that is, underground storage of chemical energy (hydrogen). In the primary cycle of producing and storing hydrogen, underground storing of hydrogen (UHS) in geological formations is a crucial factor in storing large volumes of energy for a theoretically longer, or an indefinite period. The paper presents possibilities of using the stated technology in Croatia by using a small standard underground gas storage facility (UGS). The article presents technical-technological process of producing and underground storing of hydrogen: from generating electricity through renewable energy sources or other industrial processes generating waste energy, the production of hydrogen and its compression, transport and storage in underground geological formations. In this paper, the authors will also elaborate on the status of the EU States' regulations, which present the main factor for the previously mentioned activities, as well as on the necessary changes that the relevant regulations need to undergo.
Gospodarenje vodama u funkciji poljoprivredne proizvodnje predstavlja jednu od najvažnijih grana vodnog gospodarstva. Navodnjavanje je melioracijska mjera kojom se putem hidrotehničkog sustava dovodi ...voda na zemljište zbog postizanja vlažnosti neophodne za rast i razvoj biljke. Činjenica je da se navodnjavanjem postiže stabilnija poljoprivredna proizvodnja koja podrazumijeva više i kvalitetnije prinose. U ovom radu dana je šira slika navodnjavanja u kontinentalnom dijelu Hrvatske tj. razvoj sustava navodnjavanja koji predstavlja preduvjet za stabilizaciju poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Razvoj i unapređenje zaštite od štetnog djelovanja voda predstavlja osnovni uvjet održivosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje na poljoprivrednim površinama unutar inundacija većeg dijela hrvatskih vodotoka. U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja korištenja voda u sustavu navodnjavanja temeljem Planova navodnjavanja tj. pregled prostornih pogodnosti zemljišta za navodnjavanje na prostoru Koprivničko-križevačke županije, Virovitičko-podravske i Varaždinske županije, a sve u funkciji unapređenja održive poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Nastavno je prikazan zakonodavni okvir, strateška i planska osnova koji definiraju gospodarenje vodama u Hrvatskoj, a uz poseban osvrt na dio koji definira način i uvjete gospodarenja vodama u domeni navodnjavanja poljoprivrednih proizvodna.
Rudarstvo je jedna od najstarijih grana gospodarstva koja se bavi istraživanjem i eksploatacijom mineralnih sirovina. Mineralne sirovine predstavljaju neobnovljiv prirodni resurs. Uporabna vrijednost ...mineralnih sirovina stalno se mijenja, ovisno o potrebama, te je zadatak struke da stalno valorizira njihovu vrijednost. Mineralne sirovine obično se definiraju kao prirodni agregati minerala i / ili prirodnih spojeva koji se mogu koristiti za različite gospodarske potrebe, te se prvenstveno razmatraju s aspekta mogućnosti stavljanja u funkciju, odnosno kroz moguću eksploataciju. Mineralni resursi Republike Hrvatske omogućavaju eksploataciju i preradu mineralnih sirovina u naftnoj, kemijskoj, staklarskoj, keramičkoj, cementnoj, vatrostalnoj, ciglarskoj te u industriji arhitektonsko-građevnog kamena, a posebice u graditeljstvu. Mogućnosti, odnosno ograničenja iskorištavanja mineralne sirovine ovise o geološkim, genetskim, tehničko-eksploatacijskim, regionalnim, tržišnim i društveno gospodarskim faktorima. Bilo koja aglomeracija stijena smatra se ležištem mineralne sirovine tek ako se utvrdi da postoji tehnologija kojom bi se iz nje ekstrahirale korisne tvari ili energija, da je ima u dovoljnim količinama za ekonomičnu eksploataciju, te da ležišni uvjeti omogućuju ekonomičnost tj. eksploataciju mineralnih sirovina.
Mineralne i geotermalne vode Hrvatske predstavljaju izuzetno značajan prirodni resurs Republike Hrvatske kojem treba posvetiti bitno više pažnje i istraživanja a poglavito iznaći optimalne oblike ...korištenja prvenstveno u gospodarstvu, energetici, zdravstvu i turizmu. Korištenje ovoga obnovljivog resursa treba kontinuirano pratiti s obzirom na očekivani gospodarski razvitak i učinke koji se time mogu postići uvažavajući podatak da su geotermalni gradijenti hrvatskog prostora znatno viši od europskog prosjeka. S obzirom na sirovinski potencijal i zahtjeve za sve većim količinama mineralnih sirovina Varaždinska županija ima perspektivu razvoja na vlastitim resursima. Međutim, postojeće mineralne sirovine, iako nisu brojne, parcijalno su istražene, nepoznata im je količina, kvaliteta i kompletna primjena. Cilj ovog rada jest skrenuti pozornost na spektar primjene mineralnih sirovina geotermalnih voda koji bi mogao biti znatno širi, nego što je do sada utvrđeno, stoga bi trebalo izvršiti regionalna istraživanja mineralnih sirovina s ciljem izdvajanja perspektivnih područja s najkvalitetnijom sirovinom, te ispitivanja mogućnosti njihove primjene.
Mineral resources represent a key component of industrial development, possessing significant economic and utility value crucial for maintaining and improving the quality of life. The economic ...importance of certain mineral resources, such as energy minerals or metal ores, is well-documen ted and widely recognized in both professional and general public spheres. Given the current situation at the end of the 21st century, the challenge is to find effective strategies to prevent destructive changes caused by greenhouse gas emissions resulting from human activities. In this context, analyzing long-term trends in the use of geostrategic resources and mineral raw materials shows that the world is undergoing an inevitable transition - an energy transition. The purpose of this work is to present the fundamental transformation of the global energy and economic sectors based on this transition. The demand for specific mineral resources, metals, and minerals such as cobalt, lithium, magnesium, and aluminum, is growing rapidly. Digitalization, industry, and energy transition are transforming and increasing the demand for these raw materials. In this context, critical mineral resources and their circular use become increasingly important in the economy. Therefore, it is clear that the implementation of the European Green Deal strategy will not be possible without the use of critical raw materials. It is essential to note that less than 5% of the world's critical resources are extracted in the EU, while the EU's industry accounts for approximately 20% of the global consumption of these resources. The results of the analysis show that strengthening European supply of critical mineral resources is extremely important for the European Green Deal and the resilience of key industries. Thus, this fact underscores the need for further research and innovation in this area.
Vlada Republike Hrvatske donijela je 2011. godine Uredbu o proglašenju Regionalnog parka Mura-Drava koji obuhvaća pet županija: Međimursku, Varaždinsku, Koprivničko-križevačku, Virovitičko-podravsku ...i Osječko-baranjsku županiju. Regionalni park Mura-Drava bogat je biološkom te krajobraznom raznolikošću, geološkom te kulturnotradicijskom baštinom. Naselja unutar i u okolici parka predstavljaju njegov integralni dio te je ovom kategorijom zaštite potrebno osigurati i potaknuti njihov održivi razvoj kako bi se zaustavili trendovi smanjenja broja stanovništva. S obzirom na utjecaj kontinuirane gospodarske i druge ljudske aktivnosti koje se odvijaju u području ekosustava rijeka Mure i Drave i njihovog usklađivanja sa zaštitom toga područja, predložena zaštita toga područja u kategoriji regionalnoga parka najpogodnija je jer dopušta gospodarske aktivnosti, te stvara nove perspektive održivoga razvoja, vezane uz ekološku poljoprivredu i ekoturizam.
European funds are financial instruments for the implementation of individual EU public policies in the Member States. The public policies of the European Union, the Member State and the Candidate ...Country are the basis for determining the objectives whose achievement will be supported by funding through EU funds. EU funds are European citizens' money, which, in accordance with certain rules and procedures, is allocated to various beneficiaries for the implementation of projects that should contribute to the achievement of the key EU public policies. Among other things, EU funds can finance activities related to investments in infrastructure providing basic services to citizens in the fields of energy, environment, transport and information and communication technologies, as well as investments in social, health and educational infrastructure. In the coming period, EU investment from 2021 to 2027 will focus on five main goals: a smarter Europe, a greener carbon-free Europe, a more connected Europe, a more social Europe and a closer Europe for citizens. The Investments in question will help improve regional development in the EU Member States, with the largest emphasis (as much as 30% of the total EUR 1.135 billion) going to the Nature and Environmentframework. Among potential beneficiaries who will be able to use the funds in question are research centers, local and regional authorities, schools, corporations, training centers, state administration, small and medium-sized enterprises, universities, associations are highlighted, and besides these funds will be available to public bodies, some private sector organizations (especially small businesses), NGOs and volunteer organizations. This paper presents an analysis of EU Investment in the period from 2021 to 2027, outlines its financial perspective (with emphasis on the "Nature and Environment" framework) and gives an overview of potential future investments.
Traffic serves as the bloodstream of modern society, shaping, connecting and defining space and its functions. Varaždin County, with the features of its historical, cultural and geographical ...position, stands out as a natural key in the regional and European transport. The aim of this work is based on the analysis of the transport network of Varaždin County, with a focus on the geo-traffic position of Varaždin County and the existing transport infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is defined by the theoretical framework, that is, the geotraffic position of the region, which includes state and local roads, the railway network, and bicycle routes that reveal the dynamics and potential of sustainable mobility. Methodologically, this paper relies on a combination of previous research and fresh empirical data, collected through a survey that covered a wide spectrum of Varaždin County 's population. This integrated analytical matrix enables a deeper understanding of the traffic dynamics of the region, with special reference to cycling as a symbol of the transformation and modernization of traffic paradigms. In conclusion, this paper not only offers a visualization of the current state of the transport infrastructure of Varaždin County, but it also lays the foundations for any and all visionary planning of the future. A crucial part of this vision is the promotion of sustainability, innovation and integration, ensuring that Varaždin County remains a vital and respected point on the traffic map of Europe. The road infrastructure of Varaždin County not only reflects its key geographical position as the intersection of international traffic arteries, but also the deeprooted multifunctionality of the region. This combination of geographic and socio-economic dynamics makes Varaždin County the epicenter of activities, interactions and exchanges in a wide range of sectors.
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