Our review addresses one of the most used, but debated, topics in Ergonomics: Situation Awareness (SA). We examine and elaborate upon key SA models. These models are divided into individual SA, team ...SA and systems SA categories. Despite, or perhaps because of, the debates surrounding SA it remains an enduring theme for research and practice in the domain of Ergonomics, now for over two decades. A contingent approach, which seeks to match different models of SA to different types of ergonomics problem, enables the differences between positions to be revealed and reconciled, and the practitioner guided towards optimum methodological solutions.
Practitioner Summary: Measuring SA in individuals, teams and systems has become a key objective in Ergonomics. One single approach to SA does not fit all problems encountered. This review shows the importance of considering all three types of models and achieving a match between them and the problem at hand.
•Control transitions in automated on road and simulated driving were assessed.•Correlation analysis was carried out for control transitions on road, and in simulators.•No differences in self-reported ...workload, or technology acceptance were found between conditions.•Results indicate high levels of relative validity for the use of simulators in control transition research.
Whilst previous research has explored how driver behaviour in simulators may transfer to the open road, there has been relatively little research showing the same transfer within the field of driving automation. As a consequence, most research into human-automation interaction has primarily been carried out in a research laboratory or on closed-circuit test tracks.
The aim of this study was to assess whether research into non-critical control transactions in highly automated vehicles performed in driving simulators correlate with road driving conditions.
Twenty six drivers drove a highway scenario using an automated driving mode in the simulator and twelve drivers drove on a public motorway in a Tesla Model S with the Autopilot activated. Drivers were asked to relinquish, or resume control from the automation when prompted by the vehicle interface in both the simulator and on road condition.
Drivers were generally faster to resume control in the on-road driving condition. However, strong positive correlations were found between the simulator and on road driving conditions for drivers transferring control to and from automation. No significant differences were found with regard to workload, perceived usefulness and satisfaction between the simulator and on-road drives.
The results indicate high levels of relative validity of driving simulators as a research tool for automated driving research.
A human factors perspective on automated driving Kyriakidis, M.; de Winter, J. C. F.; Stanton, N. ...
Theoretical issues in ergonomics science,
05/2019, Letnik:
20, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Automated driving can fundamentally change road transportation and improve quality of life. However, at present, the role of humans in automated vehicles (AVs) is not clearly established. Interviews ...were conducted in April and May 2015 with 12 expert researchers in the field of human factors (HFs) of automated driving to identify commonalities and distinctive perspectives regarding HF challenges in the development of AVs. The experts indicated that an AV up to SAE Level 4 should inform its driver about the AV's capabilities and operational status, and ensure safety while changing between automated and manual modes. HF research should particularly address interactions between AVs, human drivers and vulnerable road users. Additionally, driver-training programmes may have to be modified to ensure that humans are capable of using AVs. Finally, a reflection on the interviews is provided, showing discordance between the interviewees' statements - which appear to be in line with a long history of HFs research - and the rapid development of automation technology. We expect our perspective to be instrumental for stakeholders involved in AV development and instructive to other parties.
•Seven ‘E’s; an initial, alliterative expansion of the three ‘E’s of road safety.•Applying the Risk Management Framework in low and middle income countries.•Comparing Actor Maps of five different ...countries’ road transport systems.•An information audit of road transport systems, in sociotechnical systems terms.•Identifying areas for improvement, and considering emergent effects.
The traditional three ‘E’s approach to road safety (engineering, education, enforcement) has had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on road traffic casualty rates worldwide. Nevertheless, with rising motorisation in many countries, global fatality numbers have changed little over the past decade. Following calls for the application of sociotechnical systems thinking to the problem, we widen the road safety discussion with an additional four ‘E’s; economics, emergency response, enablement, and, the umbrella term for the approach taken, ergonomics. The research presents an application of Rasmussen’s Risk Management Framework to the road safety systems of five distinct nations; Bangladesh, China, Kenya, the UK, and Vietnam. Following site visits, reviews of literature, and interviews with subject matter experts in each of the countries, a series of Actor Map models of the countries’ road safety systems were developed. These are compared and discussed in terms of the wide variety of interconnecting organisations involved, their influences on road safety outcomes, the differences between nations, and the need to look beyond road users when designing road safety interventions.
•Multiple facets of fatalism were examined in the context of traffic safety.•Divine control, luck and internality significantly associated with safety attitudes.•Internality significantly related to ...pedestrian behaviour.
This paper examines the roles of fatalistic beliefs on attitudes towards traffic safety and pedestrian behaviour using the data from a questionnaire survey with a sample of 835 road users in Vietnam. A multidimensional fatalism scale was used to measure distinct facets of fatalistic beliefs. The data showed that fatalism could be represented by four factors including divine control (a belief in divine influence over one’s life), luck, internality (or locus of control), and general fatalism. Results from a structural equation model indicated that several of these fatalistic belief facets, namely internality, divine control, and luck significantly associated with traffic safety attitudes above demographic variables. In addition, internality was found to be significantly related to pedestrian behaviour after controlling for demographic variables and attitudes towards traffic safety. The findings are discussed with respect to practical implications for traffic safety interventions.
•A significant proportion of road trauma occurs at intersections.•Systemic applications in intersection design are sparse.•We use systemic Ergonomics methods to evaluate two intersection ...designs.•Application revealed unanticipated emergent behaviour induced by future design.•Unaware of emergent behaviour, design induced problems remain untouched.
While a safe systems approach has long been acknowledged as the underlying philosophy of contemporary road safety strategies, systemic applications are sparse. This article argues that systems-based methods from the discipline of Ergonomics have a key role to play in road transport design and evaluation. To demonstrate, the Cognitive Work Analysis framework was used to evaluate two road designs – a traditional Melbourne intersection and a cut-through design for future intersections based on road safety safe systems principles. The results demonstrate that, although the cut-through intersection appears different in layout from the traditional intersection, system constraints are not markedly different. Furthermore, the analyses demonstrated that redistribution of constraints in the cut-through intersection resulted in emergent behaviour, which was not anticipated and could prove problematic. Further, based on the lack of understanding of emergent behaviour, similar design induced problems are apparent across both intersections. Specifically, incompatibilities between infrastructure, vehicles and different road users were not dealt with by the proposed design changes. The importance of applying systems methods in the design and evaluation of road transport systems is discussed.
In this work, we investigate the impact of the solvation environment on single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) photoluminescence quantum yield and optical transition energies (Eii ) using a highly ...charged aryleneethynylene polymer. This novel surfactant produces dispersions in a variety of polar solvents having a wide range of dielectric constants (methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, aqueous dimethylformamide, and deuterium oxide). Because a common surfactant can be used while maintaining a constant SWCNT–surfactant morphology, we are able to straightforwardly evaluate the impact of the solvation environment upon SWCNT optical properties. We find that (i) the SWCNT quantum yield is strongly dependent on both the polarity and electrophilicity of the solvent and (ii) solvatochromic shifts correlate with the extent of SWCNT solvation. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the environmental dependence of SWCNT excitonic properties and underscore that the solvent provides a tool with which to modulate SWCNT electronic and optical properties.
The concept of common operational pictures (COPs) is explored through the application of social network analysis (SNA) and agent-based modelling to a generic search and rescue (SAR) scenario. ...Comparing the command structure that might arise from standard operating procedures with the sort of structure that might arise from examining information-in-common, using SNA, shows how one structure could be more amenable to 'command' with the other being more amenable to 'control' - which is potentially more suited to complex multi-agency operations. An agent-based model is developed to examine the impact of information sharing with different forms of COPs. It is shown that networks using common relevant operational pictures (which provide subsets of relevant information to groups of agents based on shared function) could result in better sharing of information and a more resilient structure than networks that use a COP.
Practitioner Summary: SNA and agent-based modelling are used to compare different forms of COPs for maritime SAR operations. Different forms of COP change the communications structures in the socio-technical systems in which they operate, which has implications for future design and development of a COP.
High quantum yield NIR fluorophores are rare. Factors that drive low emission quantum yields at long wavelength include the facts that radiative rate constants increase proportional to the cube of ...the emission energy, while nonradiative rate constants increase in an approximately exponentially with decreasing S
0
-S
1
energy gaps (in accordance with the energy gap law). This work demonstrates how the proquinoidal BTD building blocks can be utilized to minimize the extent of excited-state structural relaxation relative to the ground-state conformation in highly conjugated porphyrin oligomers, and shows that 4-ethynylbenzo
c
1,2,5thiadiazole (
E-BTD
) units that terminate
meso
-to-
meso
ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc (
PZn
n
) arrays, and 4,7-diethynylbenzo
c
1,2,5thiadiazole (
E-BTD-E
) spacers that are integrated into the backbone of these compositions, elucidate new classes of impressive NIR fluorophores. We report the syntheses, electronic structural properties, and emissive characteristics of neoteric
PZn-(BTD-PZn)
n
,
PZn
2
-(BTD-PZn
2
)
n
, and
BTD-PZn
n
-BTD
fluorophores. Absolute fluorescence quantum yield (
f
) measurements, acquired using a calibrated integrating-sphere-based measurement system, demonstrate that these supermolecules display extraordinary
f
values that range from 10-25% in THF solvent, and between 28-36% in toluene solvent over the 700-900 nm window of the NIR. These studies underscore how the regulation of proquinoidal conjugation motifs can be exploited to drive excited-state dynamical properties important for high quantum yield long-wavelength fluorescence emission.
Incorporation of proquinoidal BTD building blocks into conjugated porphyrin oligomers minimizes the extent of excited-state structural relaxation relative to the ground-state conformation, elucidating new classes of impressive NIR fluorophores.
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