The design of the n2EDM experiment Ayres, N. J; Ban, G; Bienstman, L ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
06/2021, Letnik:
81, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We present the design of a next-generation experiment, n2EDM, currently under construction at the ultracold neutron source at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) with the aim of carrying out a ...high-precision search for an electric dipole moment of the neutron. The project builds on experience gained with the previous apparatus operated at PSI until 2017, and is expected to deliver an order of magnitude better sensitivity with provision for further substantial improvements. An overview is of the experimental method and setup is given, the sensitivity requirements for the apparatus are derived, and its technical design is described.
The design of the n2EDM experiment Ayres, N. J.; Ban, G.; Bienstman, L. ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
2021/6, Letnik:
81, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We present the design of a next-generation experiment, n2EDM, currently under construction at the ultracold neutron source at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) with the aim of carrying out a ...high-precision search for an electric dipole moment of the neutron. The project builds on experience gained with the previous apparatus operated at PSI until 2017, and is expected to deliver an order of magnitude better sensitivity with provision for further substantial improvements. An overview is of the experimental method and setup is given, the sensitivity requirements for the apparatus are derived, and its technical design is described.
Elevated concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines have been hypothesized as an important factor in the pathophysiology of depression. Depression itself is considered to be a heterogeneous ...disorder. Current findings suggest that "cognitive" and "somatic" symptom dimensions are related to immune function in different ways. So far, little research has been done on the longitudinal aspects of inflammation in patients with major depression, especially with respect to different symptom dimensions of depression. Therefore, we investigated which aspects of depression may predict changes in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-6 over 4 weeks.
Forty-one patients with major depression diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), and 45 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum measurements of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were conducted at baseline and 4 weeks later. Psychometric measures included the assessment of cognitive-affective depressive symptoms and somatic symptoms during the last 7 days as well as somatic symptoms during the last 2 years.
Patients with depression showed increased levels of TNF-alpha (P<0.05) compared to healthy controls. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that neither depressive nor somatic symptoms predict changes in proinflammatory cytokines in the whole sample of depressed patients. Moderation analyses and subsequent sex-stratified regression analyses indicated that higher somatoform symptoms during the last 2 years significantly predict an increase in TNF-alpha in women with major depression (P<0.05) but not in men. Exploratory analyses indicated that the stability of TNF-alpha and IL-6 (as indicated by intraclass correlation coefficients) over 4 weeks was high for TNF-alpha but lower for IL-6.
The present study demonstrated that a history of somatoform symptoms may be important for predicting future changes in TNF-alpha in women with major depression.
We present the design of a next-generation experiment, n2EDM, currently under construction at the ultracold neutron source at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) with the aim of carrying out a ...high-precision search for an electric dipole moment of the neutron. The project builds on experience gained with the previous apparatus operated at PSI until 2017, and is expected to deliver an order of magnitude better sensitivity with provision for further substantial improvements. An overview is given of the experimental method and setup, the sensitivity requirements for the apparatus are derived, and its technical design is described.
Treating symptomatic patients with dysplasia involves a controversy in therapy. The question is whether to obtain osseous correction with the help of pelvic reorientation osteotomy or to address ...intra-articular pathology with an arthroscopic approach. Neither isolated therapy nor the other method seems to be sufficient, but conducting both treatment options simultaneously has also not proved to be superior and carries the risk of additional complications. Different treatment options have been presented on this topic over the years and should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Pelvic reorientation osteotomy in patients with moderate to severe acetabular dysplasia remains uncontested, but it lacks the ability to obtain visualization of the central hip compartment. The isolated arthroscopic approach seems to be favorable for treatment of intra-articular pathologies in patients with mild to borderline dysplasia, whereas collateral arthroscopy in pelvic reorientation osteotomy may achieve better clinical outcomes in patients with more complex cases.
Upgrading wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with advanced technologies is one key strategy to reduce micropollutant emissions. Given the complex chemical composition of wastewater, toxicity removal ...is an integral parameter to assess the performance of WWTPs. Thus, the goal of this systematic review is to evaluate how effectively ozonation and activated carbon remove in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Out of 2464 publications, we extracted 46 relevant studies conducted at 22 pilot or full-scale WWTPs. We performed a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of in vitro (100 assays) and in vivo data (20 species), respectively. Data is more abundant on ozonation (573 data points) than on an activated carbon treatment (162 data points), and certain in vitro end points (especially estrogenicity) and in vivo models (e.g., daphnids) dominate. The literature shows that while a conventional treatment effectively reduces toxicity, residual effects in the effluents may represent a risk to the receiving ecosystem on the basis of effect-based trigger values. In general, an upgrade to ozonation or activated carbon treatment will significantly increase toxicity removal with similar performance. Nevertheless, ozonation generates toxic transformation products that can be removed by a post-treatment. By assessing the growing body of effect-based studies, we identify sensitive and underrepresented end points and species and provide guidance for future research.
In a business environment characterized by labor shortages, the under-utilization of existing potential is a problem for both companies and governments. Nevertheless, the development of people from ...disadvantaged social origin is limited. Research on the intergenerational transmission of social disadvantage consistently shows that access to higher education is still highly stratified. Less is known about whether origin-based inequalities persist or can be offset within the occupational context. Based on a systematic review of 59 studies, we identify the career success (CS) indicators that have been examined in this growing research literature, describe the various forms that the social origin–CS relationship can assume, and identify explanatory mechanisms for the discrepancies in the career trajectories of individuals from different social backgrounds. Based on a critical analysis of existing studies, we show that many areas of the above research themes remain underexplored, despite recent significant advancements, and provide directions for future research. This includes recommendations for the choice of indicators for measuring CS, including the determination of reference persons in future studies and for closing research gaps in previous research designs regarding the connection between social origin and CS. Moreover, we provide suggestions for taking into account further essential factors on an individual, organizational, and contextual level to explain the social origin−CS relationship.
Approximately 15% of patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy for anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke have a tandem lesion, defined as a severe stenosis or occlusion of the cervical ...internal carotid artery ipsilateral to its intracranial occlusion. Patients with tandem lesions have worse outcomes than patients with isolated intracranial occlusions, but the optimal management of their carotid lesions during endovascular thrombectomy remains controversial. The main options commonly used in current practice include acute stent placement in the carotid lesion versus thrombectomy alone without definitive revascularization of the carotid artery. While treatment decisions for these patients are often complex and strategies vary according to clinical, anatomic, and technical considerations, only results from randomized trials comparing these approaches are likely to strengthen current recommendations and optimize patient care.
The concept of cloud radiative forcing (CRF) is commonly applied to quantify the impact of clouds on the surface radiative energy budget (REB). In
the Arctic, specific radiative interactions between ...microphysical and macrophysical properties of clouds and the surface strongly modify the warming
or cooling effect of clouds, complicating the estimate of CRF obtained from observations or models. Clouds tend to increase the broadband surface
albedo over snow or sea ice surfaces compared to cloud-free conditions. However, this effect is not adequately considered in the derivation of CRF
in the Arctic so far. Therefore, we have quantified the effects caused by surface-albedo–cloud interactions over highly reflective snow or sea ice
surfaces on the CRF using radiative transfer simulations and below-cloud airborne observations above the heterogeneous springtime marginal sea ice
zone (MIZ) during the Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD) campaign. The impact of a modified surface
albedo in the presence of clouds, as compared to cloud-free conditions, and its dependence on cloud optical thickness is found to be relevant for
the estimation of the shortwave CRF. A method is proposed to consider this surface albedo effect on CRF estimates by continuously retrieving the cloud-free
surface albedo from observations under cloudy conditions, using an available snow and ice albedo parameterization. Using ACLOUD data
reveals that the estimated average shortwave cooling by clouds almost doubles over snow- and ice-covered surfaces (−62 W m−2 instead of
−32 W m−2), if surface-albedo–cloud interactions are considered. As a result, the observed total (shortwave plus longwave) CRF shifted
from a warming effect to an almost neutral one. Concerning the seasonal cycle of the surface albedo, it is demonstrated that this effect enhances
shortwave cooling in periods when snow dominates the surface and potentially weakens the cooling by optically thin clouds during the summertime
melting season. These findings suggest that the surface-albedo–cloud interaction should be considered in global climate models and in long-term
studies to obtain a realistic estimate of the shortwave CRF to quantify the role of clouds in Arctic amplification.
PDF
