Outdoor air pollution adversely affects human health and is estimated to be responsible for five to ten per cent of the total annual premature mortality in the contiguous United States
. Combustion ...emissions from a variety of sources, such as power generation or road traffic, make a large contribution to harmful air pollutants such as ozone and fine particulate matter (PM
)
. Efforts to mitigate air pollution have focused mainly on the relationship between local emission sources and local air quality
. Air quality can also be affected by distant emission sources, however, including emissions from neighbouring federal states
. This cross-state exchange of pollution poses additional regulatory challenges. Here we quantify the exchange of air pollution among the contiguous United States, and assess its impact on premature mortality that is linked to increased human exposure to PM
and ozone from seven emission sectors for 2005 to 2018. On average, we find that 41 to 53 per cent of air-quality-related premature mortality resulting from a state's emissions occurs outside that state. We also find variations in the cross-state contributions of different emission sectors and chemical species to premature mortality, and changes in these variations over time. Emissions from electric power generation have the greatest cross-state impacts as a fraction of their total impacts, whereas commercial/residential emissions have the smallest. However, reductions in emissions from electric power generation since 2005 have meant that, by 2018, cross-state premature mortality associated with the commercial/residential sector was twice that associated with power generation. In terms of the chemical species emitted, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions caused the most cross-state premature deaths in 2005, but by 2018 primary PM
emissions led to cross-state premature deaths equal to three times those associated with sulfur dioxide emissions. These reported shifts in emission sectors and emission species that contribute to premature mortality may help to guide improvements to air quality in the contiguous United States.
Experimental results obtained in different laboratories world‐wide by researchers using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) can differ significantly. We, an international team of scientists with ...long‐standing expertise in SERS, address this issue from our perspective by presenting considerations on reliable and quantitative SERS. The central idea of this joint effort is to highlight key parameters and pitfalls that are often encountered in the literature. To that end, we provide here a series of recommendations on: a) the characterization of solid and colloidal SERS substrates by correlative electron and optical microscopy and spectroscopy, b) on the determination of the SERS enhancement factor (EF), including suitable Raman reporter/probe molecules, and finally on c) good analytical practice. We hope that both newcomers and specialists will benefit from these recommendations to increase the inter‐laboratory comparability of experimental SERS results and further establish SERS as an analytical tool.
Parameters and pitfalls: Key parameters and pitfalls that are often encountered in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are highlighted. Good analytical practice is proposed to increase the inter‐laboratory comparability of experimental SERS results and further establish SERS as an analytical tool.
The safety and efficacy of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) for fluid resuscitation have not been fully evaluated, and adverse effects of HES on survival and renal function have been reported.
We randomly ...assigned 7000 patients who had been admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 6% HES with a molecular weight of 130 kD and a molar substitution ratio of 0.4 (130/0.4, Voluven) in 0.9% sodium chloride or 0.9% sodium chloride (saline) for all fluid resuscitation until ICU discharge, death, or 90 days after randomization. The primary outcome was death within 90 days. Secondary outcomes included acute kidney injury and failure and treatment with renal-replacement therapy.
A total of 597 of 3315 patients (18.0%) in the HES group and 566 of 3336 (17.0%) in the saline group died (relative risk in the HES group, 1.06; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.96 to 1.18; P=0.26). There was no significant difference in mortality in six predefined subgroups. Renal-replacement therapy was used in 235 of 3352 patients (7.0%) in the HES group and 196 of 3375 (5.8%) in the saline group (relative risk, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.45; P=0.04). In the HES and saline groups, renal injury occurred in 34.6% and 38.0% of patients, respectively (P=0.005), and renal failure occurred in 10.4% and 9.2% of patients, respectively (P=0.12). HES was associated with significantly more adverse events (5.3% vs. 2.8%, P<0.001).
In patients in the ICU, there was no significant difference in 90-day mortality between patients resuscitated with 6% HES (130/0.4) or saline. However, more patients who received resuscitation with HES were treated with renal-replacement therapy. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and others; CHEST ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00935168.).
I-Primal Submodules Steven
Journal of physics. Conference series,
08/2019, Letnik:
1245, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In module over commutative ring with identity, prime notions of submodule are growing vastly. Furthermore, there are also notions of primal submodules. Suppose N be a submodule of R-module M. An ...element r of R is called prime to N if rm ∈ N with m element of M implies m ∈ N. The submodule N is called primal if the set of elements which not prime to N forms an ideal. The generalization of elements which prime to N is proposed and referred as elements that almost prime to N. An element r ∈ R is called almost prime to N if rm ∈ N - (N: M)N for m element of M implies m is an element of N. In this article, we introduce the generalization of elements which are prime to N as elements which are I-prime to N by changing the set (N:M) into an arbitrary ideal of R. With this notion, we can generalize primality of submodule N to I-primality of submodule N. We called N the submodule of M is I-primal submodule if the set of elements which are I-prime to N forms an ideal of R. Furthermore, we give some characterizations of I-primal submodules and their relation to other prime and primal notions.
What informs the process of remembering and forgetting? Is it merely about our capability to store and retrieve experiences in a purely functional sense? What about ′collective memories′, not just ...those of the individual - how do these manifest themselves in the passages of time? The authors present a new, fascinating insight into the social psychology of experience drawing upon a number of classic works (particularly by Frederick Bartlett, Maurice Halbwachs & Henri Bergson) to help develop their argument. The significance of their ideas for developing a contemporary psychology of experience is illustrated with material from studies focused on settings at home and at work, in public and commercial organizations where remembering and forgetting are matters of concern, involving language and text based communication, objects and place. As their argument unfolds, the authors reveal that memories do not solely reside in a linear passage of time, linking past, present and future, nor do they soley rest within the indidvidual′s conciousness, but that memory sits at the very heart of ′lived experience′; whether collective or individual, the vehicle for how we remember or forget is linked to social interaction, object interaction and the different durations of living that we all have. It is very much connected to the social psychology of experience.
Evaluate the safety and effectiveness of an ab interno implanted (iStent inject) Trabecular Micro-Bypass System (Glaukos Corporation, San Clemente, CA) in combination with cataract surgery in ...subjects with mild to moderate primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).
Prospective, randomized, single-masked, concurrently controlled, multicenter clinical trial.
Eyes with mild to moderate POAG and preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤24 mmHg on 1 to 3 medications, unmedicated diurnal IOP (DIOP) 21 to 36 mmHg, and cataract requiring surgery.
After uncomplicated cataract surgery, eyes were randomized 3:1 intraoperatively to ab interno implantation of iStent inject (Model G2-M-IS; treatment group, n = 387) or no stent implantation (control group, n = 118). Subjects were followed through 2 years postoperatively. Annual washout of ocular hypotensive medication was performed.
Effectiveness end points were ≥20% reduction from baseline in month 24 unmedicated DIOP and change in unmedicated month 24 DIOP from baseline. Safety measures included best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), slit-lamp and fundus examinations, gonioscopy, pachymetry, specular microscopy, visual fields, complications, and adverse events.
The groups were well balanced preoperatively, including medicated IOP (17.5 mmHg in both groups) and unmedicated DIOP (24.8±3.3 mmHg vs. 24.5±3.1 mmHg in the treatment and control groups, respectively, P = 0.33). At 24 months, 75.8% of treatment eyes versus 61.9% of control eyes experienced ≥20% reduction from baseline in unmedicated DIOP (P = 0.005), and mean reduction in unmedicated DIOP from baseline was greater in treatment eyes (7.0±4.0 mmHg) than in control eyes (5.4±3.7 mmHg; P < 0.001). Of the responders, 84% of treatment eyes and 67% of control eyes were not receiving ocular hypotensive medication at 23 months. Furthermore, 63.2% of treatment eyes versus 50.0% of control eyes had month 24 medication-free DIOP ≤18 mmHg (difference 13.2%; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-23.4). The overall safety profile of the treatment group was favorable and similar to that in the control group throughout the 2-year follow-up.
Clinically and statistically greater reductions in IOP without medication were achieved after iStent inject implantation with cataract surgery versus cataract surgery alone, with excellent safety through 2 years.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the choroid plexuses within the ventricles of the brain and circulates through the subarachnoid space of the skull and spinal column to provide buoyancy to ...and maintain fluid homeostasis of the brain and spinal cord. The question of how CSF drains from the subarachnoid space has long puzzled scientists and clinicians. For many decades, it was believed that arachnoid villi or granulations, outcroppings of arachnoid tissue that project into the dural venous sinuses, served as the major outflow route. However, this concept has been increasingly challenged in recent years, as physiological and imaging evidence from several species has accumulated showing that tracers injected into the CSF can instead be found within lymphatic vessels draining from the cranium and spine. With the recent high-profile rediscovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels located in the dura mater, another debate has emerged regarding the exact anatomical pathway(s) for CSF to reach the lymphatic system, with one side favoring direct efflux to the dural lymphatic vessels within the skull and spinal column and another side advocating for pathways along exiting cranial and spinal nerves. In this review, a summary of the historical and contemporary evidence for the different outflow pathways will be presented, allowing the reader to gain further perspective on the recent advances in the field. An improved understanding of this fundamental physiological process may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for a wide range of neurological conditions, including hydrocephalus, neurodegeneration and multiple sclerosis.
Advances in genome analysis, accompanied by the assembly of large patient cohorts, are making possible successful genetic analyses of polygenic brain disorders. If the resulting molecular clues, ...previously hidden in the genomes of affected individuals, are to yield useful information about pathogenesis and inform the discovery of new treatments, neurobiology will have to rise to many difficult challenges. Here we review the underlying logic of the genetic investigations, describe in more detail progress in schizophrenia and autism, and outline the challenges for neurobiology that lie ahead. We argue that technologies at the disposal of neuroscience are adequately advanced to begin to study the biology of common and devastating polygenic disorders.
A revolution in genomic technologies has brought new light to the genes that contribute to diseases of the nervous system. Steven Hyman and Steven McCarroll argue that the next step of translating these genetic discoveries into biological insights and therapies will be a major challenge but one that the field is poised to meet.
The rise of China and other great powers raises important questions about the persistence and stability of the 'liberal international order'. This book provides a new perspective on these questions ...by offering a novel theory of revisionist challenges to international order. It argues that rising powers sometimes seem to face the condition of 'status immobility', which activates social psychological and domestic political forces that push them toward lashing out in protest against status quo rules, norms, and institutions. Ward shows that status immobility theory illuminates important but often-overlooked dynamics that contributed to the most significant revisionist challenges in modern history. The book highlights the importance of status in world politics, and further advances a new understanding of this important concept's role in foreign policy. This book will be of interest to researchers in international politics and security, especially those interested in great power politics, status, power transitions, revisionism, and order.
In this study, we present a flexible, cost-effective, and accurate method to monitor landslides using a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to collect aerial photography. In the first part, we apply ...a Structure from Motion (SfM) workflow to derive a 3D model of a landslide in southeast Tasmania from multi-view UAV photography. The geometric accuracy of the 3D model and resulting DEMs and orthophoto mosaics was tested with ground control points coordinated with geodetic GPS receivers. A horizontal accuracy of 7 cm and vertical accuracy of 6 cm was achieved. In the second part, two DEMs and orthophoto mosaics acquired on 16 July 2011 and 10 November 2011 were compared to study landslide dynamics. The COSI-Corr image correlation technique was evaluated to quantify and map terrain displacements. The magnitude and direction of the displacement vectors derived from correlating two hillshaded DEM layers corresponded to a visual interpretation of landslide change. Results show that the algorithm can accurately map displacements of the toes, chunks of soil, and vegetation patches on top of the landslide, but is not capable of mapping the retreat of the main scarp. The conclusion is that UAV-based imagery in combination with 3D scene reconstruction and image correlation algorithms provide flexible and effective tools to map and monitor landslide dynamics.
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