The environmental consequences of crop production are analyzed, including those manifested in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sources such as chemical and organic fertilizers applied ...to arable land, soil cultivation processes, rice fields, plant residues, and burning of crop residues. The quantitative indicators of GHG emissions for 1992 and 2017 of six countries with developed agriculture and vast territories—Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Russia, and the United States—are compared. The results of calculations carried out using the database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO UN) show that all these countries have to a degree reduced GHG emissions per unit of production over 25 years. The largest reduction from 1992 to 2017 was achieved by Russia (49%), and the smallest, by Canada (8%). In 2017, in Australia, Brazil, Russia, and the United States, GHG emissions per unit of crop production amounted to 0.06–0.07 t of CO
2
equivalent per Mcal, while in Canada and China, it was 0.09–0.10 t of CO
2
-equivalent per Mcal. The results of a comparative study show that Russia is able to implement a competitive advantage in the world agri-food markets, since it is currently a leading exporter of grain and oilseeds.
Within the framework of the existing concepts of land degradation assessment, the main ideas about its causes and consequences are formulated, methodological provisions for studying the intensity of ...degradation processes are defined, and specific methods for assessing the economic component of degradation are developed. The problem of economic assessment of land degradation is complicated by differences in understanding of the nature of degradation processes and the role of soils in them. Soil indicators play the most significant role in the economic assessment of damage from land degradation. However, this methodology does not actually involve the use of modern concepts of ecosystem services. On the contrary, the methodology of land degradation economics, which uses a wide range of ecosystem services, largely ignores the need to take into account the dynamics of soil properties. The development of a unified methodology will solve many problems, among which an important place is occupied by the need to avoid legally regulated formulaic assessments of degradation.
The resolution of the expert council is devoted to discussing aspects of the use of ipidacrine for the treatment of mononeuropathies, polyneuropathies and radiculopathies of various etiologies. ...Specialists prepared recommendations for ipidacrine's application in treating peripheral nervous system disorders.
The paper analyzes the problems of carbon stocks variation in the pool of cropland mineral soils at the regional scale of the Russian Federation. The carbon stock balance of cropland soils was ...evaluated by estimating carbon gains and losses, and then the components of the carbon footprint were measured as a ratio of soil organic carbon balance to crop production quantity in terms of grain equivalent (t C/t grain eq.). The estimates for the period 2011–2020 have revealed that there is generally a small net gain of carbon on cropland in Russia, mainly due to the intake of carbon from plant residues. Most of the steppe region of Russia suffers from net losses of carbon at levels from –0.15 t C/t grain eq. up to –0.69 t C/t grain eq. In other regions, such as the Central Chernozem and Black Sea Coast regions, net carbon gain is observed in the range of 0.1–0.3 t C/t grain eq. due to the intake of significant biomass of crop and root residues as a consequence of intensive crop production.
—
The article analyzes the methodological and practical problems of assessing the effectiveness of agricultural land use. The model used is the integration of the method of assessing the damage from ...inefficient soil cultivation into the algorithm for assessing the economic efficiency of soil restoration through investment and diversification of agricultural activities. Damage was assessed taking into account the economic loss of soil fertility, and economic efficiency, by comparing the cost estimate of “action/inaction” on degraded lands, taking into account discounted future income. The model has been tested at three levels: Kaliningrad oblast, Ozersky district, and one of the farms of this municipality, where typical soil depletion processes characteristic of the region are presented. Calculations have shown that the transition to a reference farm with higher revenues and profitability is economically justified over a nine-year forecast period only at the level of the district and farm. The restoration of all degraded lands in the Kaliningrad oblast will not pay off. Recommendations for the agrarian policy of the region have been developed, taking into account additional measures to restore soil fertility while maintaining the profitability of agricultural organizations or withdrawing unproductive lands from circulation.
As a rule, an intensity spectrum of undulator radiation (UR) is calculated by using the classical approach, even for electron energy higher than 10GeV. Such a spectrum is determined by an electron ...trajectory in an undulator while neglecting radiation loss. Using Planck’s law, the UR photon spectrum can be calculated from the obtained intensity spectrum, for both linear and nonlinear regimes.
The electron radiation process in a field of strong electromagnetic waves is considered within the quantum electrodynamics framework, using the Compton scattering process or radiation in a ‘light’ undulator. A comparison was made of the results from using these two approaches, for UR spectra generated by 250-GeV electrons in an undulator with a 11.5-mm period; this comparison shows that they coincide with high accuracy. The characteristics of the collimated UR beam (i.e. spectrum and circular polarization) were simulated while taking into account the discrete process of photon emission along an electron trajectory in both undulator types. Both spectral photon distributions and polarization dependence on photon energy are ‘smoothed’, in comparison to that expected for a long undulator—the latter of which considers the ILC positron source (ILC Technical Design Report).
Cupric oxide nanoparticles with average size of 213.2nm, were synthesized in acoustoplasma discharge for investigating their vibrational properties. The low-frequency acoustic mode in cupric oxide ...(CuO) nanoparticles has been studied by stimulated low-frequency Raman scattering (SLFRS). SLFRS conversion efficiency, threshold and frequency shift of the scattered light are measured.
•Stimulated low frequency Raman scattering in CuO nanoparticles suspension was realized.•SLFRS frequency shift in Gigahertz range and threshold are measured.•SLFRS is high efficiency source of biharmonic pumping in Giga- and Terahertz range.
This study looks to simulate the nonlinear Compton backscattering (CBS) process based on the Monte Carlo technique for the conversion coefficient Kc⩾1, which can be considered as the average number ...of photons emitted by each electron. The characteristics of the nonlinear CBS process simulated in this work are as follows: the number of absorbed photons of a laser, the distance in the laser pulse in which the electron passes between two collisions, the energy and the polarization of the emitted photon in each collision, and the polarization of the electron before and after collision. The developed approach allows us to find the spectra and polarization characteristics of the final electrons and photons. When Kc>1, the spin-flip processes need to be considered for a correct simulation of the polarization of the final photons and electrons for energies typical of a γ-γ collider.
As a development of the ideas of ecological and economic assessment of land degradation, the notion of societal land value is suggested as a characteristic that simplifies the consideration of the ...environmental factor, including, in particular, ecosystem services in the final valuation indicators. An integral part of the societal value of agricultural land is the value of the basic properties of soil associated with agricultural production. To convert soil indicators into monetary values, the cost of an analogous artificial product available on the market and related to the given soil property (e.g., vermicompost as an analogue of soil humus) is taken into account. The assessment of societal land value for Belgorod oblast attests to a high contribution (up to 62%) of soil component to it. It is proposed that the category of societal land value can be used as the basis for calculation of indicators of the ecological and economic damage from land degradation.
