Capital structure’s formation and management decisions are one of the most important instruments to corporate financial management, enabling relevant business perspectives. The challenges of recent ...years and the increasing uncertainty in the economy make it necessary to assess how changes in capital structure are influenced by external and internal factors. Consequently, the purpose of the research is to evaluate the fluctuation trends in the capital structure of listed companies in the Baltic States and the correlation between the capital structure and internal and external factors. The object of the research is the financial data and correlation between the capital structure of listed companies in the Baltic States and external and internal factors. In order to achieve the research objective comparative, synthesis, regression, correlation and expert evaluation methods are applied. Furthermore, external financing of company investments generally decreased during the economic shock. Results of correlation analysis show that the capital structure of Baltic listed companies changes depending on the analysed period and the strongest impact on changes makes such internal factor as net profitability. On the basis of regression analysis it was determined that the leverage ratio was most affected by tax burden during the economic shock. This partly indicates that during the economic shock, the capital structure of Baltic listed companies was more influenced by external factors.
Kapitalo struktūros formavimo ir valdymo sprendimai yra svarbūs instrumentai įmonių finansų valdyme ypač ekonominių sukrėtimų metu. Tad pastarųjų metų iššūkiai (ekonominis šokas) formuoja poreikį įvertinti, kaip įmonių kapitalo struktūra kinta priklausomai nuo išorinių bei vidinių veiksnių. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti Baltijos šalių listinguojamų įmonių kapitalo struktūros kitimo tendencijas bei sąsajas su vidiniais ir išoriniais veiksniais. Tyrimo objektas – Baltijos šalių listinguojamų įmonių kapitalo struktūra, jos sąsajos su išoriniais ir vidiniais veiksniais ekonominio šoko metu. Siekiant įgyvendinti tyrimo tikslą, taikomi regresinės, koreliacinės, ekspertinio vertinimo, sintezės, lyginamosios analizės metodai. Remiantis koreliacine analize buvo identifikuota, jog Baltijos listinguojamų įmonių kapitalo struktūra kinta priklausomai nuo analizuojamo periodo, o pokyčiai labiausiai yra sąlygojami tokio vidinio veiksnio, kaip grynasis pelningumas. Remiantis regresine analize buvo nustatyta, jog ekonominio šoko metu labiausiai įsiskolinimo koeficientas buvo veikiamas mokestinės naštos. Tai iš dalies parodo, jog ekonominio šoko metu Baltijos listinguojamų įmonių kapitalo struktūra buvo labiau veikiama išorinių veiksnių.
Salaries and wages are widely analysed in legal, economic and social dimensions. Remuneration reflect many aspects, therefore, they play a significant role for the individual, for whom it is often ...the main source of livelihood, for the company, for which the compensation of the employee's work is both business expenses and elements of business execution, and for the state, which directly influences wages through its regulatory mechanisms and for which the amount of salary is an important indicator of society's standard of living. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the salaries forms and systems applied in Lithuanian companies and the factors affecting them. To achieve the goal, the methods of scientific literature analysis, information grouping, systematization, and generalization were applied. A questionnaire survey was conducted in Lithuania in order to assess the forms and systems of salaries and the factors affecting them. The results of the study show that internal factors have the greatest influence on wages. External factors of greatest impact are the salary level in the region/country, labour market conditions, and the impact of the government. In Lithuanian companies, the time based form of salaries is most widely used, the unit based form is used in 19%, and the mixed form - in 26% of all companies. The research results show that the trends in the development of salaries’ systems are aimed at developing the employee's individual abilities, promoting his motivation to achieve both personal and company results, compensation for the work performed on different forms, with the purpose to achieve maximum definiteness, clarity and objectivity of the systems.
The emergence and popularity of the cryptocurrency has caused a great deal of controversy in the scientific community over market development opportunities, further use of virtual money, and its ...integration into traditional accounting systems. The global financial market creates many opportunities to use electronic and virtual money for various types of transactions, and the question of how to record cryptocurrency and related transactions in accounting remains relevant. The aim of the research is to evaluate the alternatives of cryptocurrency accounting. For the research methods of scientific literature analysis, comparison, interpretation, information systematization, generalization were used. Although various authors, national and international accounting standards regulators provide their insights and recommendations on cryptocurrency accounting, a unified system has not been formed yet. Currently are analysed such alternatives of cryptocurrency accounting as financial asset, intangible asset or inventory.
The ever-changing economic environment changes the business conditions and performance and requires to reflect the changes on accounting information of legal entities. The development of ...International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a dynamic and complex process, which helps to provide fair and true information on legal entities. Although, it’s important to evaluate the changes of accounting standards by preparers of financial statements and the users of the information. The purpose of the research is to determine the impact of significant changes of international financial reporting standards on the financial indicators of the companies during 2017-2020 period. Research methods of comparative analysis of scientific literature and legal acts, content analysis, case analysis, grouping of information, systematization, comparative analysis and generalization were used. Main research results state that in 2017-2020 the key changes were related to three standards: IFRS 9 - Financial Instruments, IFRS 15 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers and IFRS 16 - Leases. The study of the impact of the application of the new standards on the financial indicators of 24 Lithuanian listed companies revealed that the new IFRS 16 had the greatest impact on the financial indicators of the companies. The first time, the application of IFRS 16 had a significant impact on 6 of the 24 companies analysed. There was a negative impact on liquidity and solvency ratios, working capital, return on assets and the turnover of assets.
Accounting provides around 80 % of information of any type and sort of activity of legal entity and significantly influences the decisions of accounting information users. The accountant profession, ...which had faced many challenges over the past few years, now is proving to be no exception. The article looks at both theory and practice and attempts to determine and understand problematic issues about outsourcing accounting challenges. The purpose of the research is to evaluate outsourcing accounting challenges in Latvia and Lithuania. The research deployed the survey, the inductive and deductive methods, the methods of systematisation, comparison and a summary of information. Research object – companies providing outsourcing accounting services in the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Lithuania. From the results of the research the authors have come to the following conclusions: the biggest challenges for accounting outsourcing companies of both countries are keeping up with new regulations and standards and technology developments. Both countries have quite a similar view on challenges of accounting outsourcing companies, however, Lithuanian respondents provided opinion on more significant challenges such as attracting new customers, differentiating from competition and experiencing pressure to lower fees, as Latvian respondents – emphasized challenge of keeping up with new regulations and standards.
Rapid changes in the economic environment, the development of new technologies, and global crises have an impact on and produce new requirements for many professions, including accounting ...specialists. An analysis of the competencies necessary for the modern accounting specialist provides insights into the required abilities from a labour market perspective. This article investigates the necessary knowledge and competencies of modern accounting specialists using a survey. Responses are analysed according to the respondents' country, work experience, current working position and the size of the enterprise. We evaluate the personal, professional and social competencies as well as necessary types of professional knowledge. Research results may be summarised based on the traditional viewpoint of an accounting specialist. Despite their differing attributes, and with only some slight differences, respondents emphasised the need for accounting specialists to have certain classic knowledge and noted the need for traditional competencies.
The increasing interest in social enterprises is related to the specifics of their business activities, which not only involve the most vulnerable part of the society, but also offer greater ...opportunities for the socialisation of the disadvantaged. As a rule, social enterprises may be entitled to some tax exemptions or may apply for the specific state support. Such tools help to reduce the low efficiency of social enterprises and extend possibilities for the most vulnerable part of the society to participate in the creation of the general economic value of enterprises and the country as a whole. The recent changes introduced in Lithuania reduced the level of the state support and the exemptions from corporate income tax for social enterprises under the impact of the opinion that such enterprises may misuse the status of social enterprises and, accordingly, the state support tools. Therefore, such changes raise the need to evaluate their possible influence on the state budget of Lithuania. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the impact of state support and corporate income exemptions for social enterprises, on the state budget of Lithuania. The object of the research – involves the data of income statements of social enterprises, the information on state support, the state budget of Lithuania for the period of 2013 – 2017. The research deployed the legislation analysis, the inductive and deductive methods, the methods of systematisation, comparison and summary of information. The research results show that the value of corporate income tax exemptions and state support do not have a significant impact on the state budget of Lithuania and reach around the average of 0.18% of the state budget. Nevertheless, the reduction of state support and corporate income tax exemptions may limit the possibilities of social enterprises to reinvest their profits, expand businesses and employ marginalised population.
Recent trends of overall digitalisation challenges to find new approaches and improvement of information formation systems in different spheres. The trends also make impact on the tendency to develop ...common stereotypes of methods, accounting procedures, reporting forms, etc. which may be called identification. The identification of accounting systems in its essence - is the solution to the problem of harmonization of accounting at the international level. However, it is impossible to achieve complete identification. Everything that is done in this direction at the national level by accounting systems (standardization of reporting, convergence of national rules with international ones, convergence of evaluation and control systems, etc.) indicates a progressive trend in the processes of identification and harmonization of accounting systems. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the trends of forming the accounting and analytical management system in the digital economy. The research methods are comparison, systematisation and summarisation of information. Thus the main components of the accounting organization have been defined, among them: the technique of organizing and conducting accounting; methodological support of accounting and internal control. There is a need for generalization of modern achievements for the construction of the AAMS, the development of the company's development strategy in the light of work peculiarities in the digital economy. Authors identified, that there is a modification of the existing and emergence of modern requirements and tasks for the organization of accounting due to a focus on new users, transformation of motives and requests of all interested in the accounting information participants of international economic relations. Moreover, further improvement of the AAMS organization will enable to increase efficiency and raise productivity of economic activity.
JEL code: M40
Naujausios visa apimančios skaitmenizacijos tendencijos kelia iššūkius, ieškant naujų būdų taikant ir tobulinant informacijos formavimo sistemas įvairiose srityse. Šios tendencijos taip pat daro įtaką įprastų stereotipų apie apskaitos metodus, apskaitos procedūras, finansinių ataskaitų formas ir t.t. vystymosi tendencijai, kuri galėtų būti įvardinama solidirizavimusi. Apskaitos sistemų solidirizavimasis iš esmės yra apskaitos tarptautiniame lygmenyje harmonizavimo problemos sprendimas, nors reikėtų atsižvelgti į tai, jog, greičiausia, neįmanoma pasiekti visiško solidarizavimosi. Tačiau viskas, kas yra daroma šia kryptimi nacionaliniame lygmenyje apskaitos sistemose (atskaitomybės standartizavimas, nacionalinių ir tarptautinių teisės aktų harmonizavimas, vertinimo ir kontrolės sistemų konvergencija ir t.t.) atspindi teigiamas tendencijas apskaitos sistemų solidarizavimo ir harmonizavimo procesuose. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti apskaitos ir analitinių valdymo sistemų (AAVS) formavimo tendencijas skaitmeninėje ekonomikoje. Tyrimo metodai: informacijos palyginimas, sisteminimas ir apibendrinimas. Straipsnyje nustatyti pagrindiniai organizacijos apskaitos sistemos elementai tokie, kaip apskaitos organizavimo ir vykdymo algoritmas, apskaitos ir vidaus kontrolės formavimo metodologija. Išskirtas poreikis generalizuoti šiuolaikinius pasiekimus AAVS konstravimui, formuoti organizacijos vystymosi strategiją, atsižvelgiant į darbo skaitmeninėje ekonomikoje ypatybes. Straipsnyje taip pat įvertinta taikomos organizacijos apskaitos sistemos modifikavimas ir modernizavimas, atsižvelgiant į naujus, besikeičiančius apskaitos informacijos vartotojų poreikius. Nustatyta, jog organizacijos AAVS tobulinimas padidintų jos ekonominės veiklos efektyvumą bei produktyvumą.
JEL klasifikacija: M40
Accounting forms a significant part of information on any enterprise and plays the most important role in different levels of enterprise’ management as well as in country’s. Accounting information is ...used by various information users, whose decisions may influence various spheres: from performance of enterprises to proceeding the state policy. Its role increased recently under conditions of modern global and competitive market economy, and will be increasing in the future. Importance of accounting information usage highlights the need of appropriate formation of such information. And accounting regulation plays the main role in the process of formation and presentation of accounting information as it determines requirements for accounting methodology, information performed in the single set of financial statements or consolidated financial statements. The purpose of the research is to evaluate evolution of accounting regulation for the period 1990 – 2017 and distinguish accounting regulation evolution phases and factors, which influenced development of the phases. Six countries, which are members of the European Union – the Republic of Croatia, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania and the Slovak Republic - were chosen for the evaluation of accounting evolution. For the research were used legislation analysis, systematisation, inductive and deductive, comparison and summary of information methods. Research results show, that evolution of accounting regulation in analysed countries may be distinguished in four general phases. The period of evolution started at the beginning of nineties (1990–1992) when the countries transformed from a central planned economy to market economy, this phase was followed by other phases (1993–2001–2005), when laws on accounting and additional legislation were issued. Accounting regulation evolution phase for alignment accounting legislation with Fourth and Seventh EU Directives started from 2002/2006 and the phase of the compliance with requirements of Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013, which started in all analysed countries in 2016, except Slovakia – in 2014, completes the accounting regulation evolution period till present.
only abstract in English; full article and abstract in Lithuanian
The article focuses on how Lithuanian authors investigate the most important issues of accounting theory. The analysis of Lithuanian ...authors’ textbooks and educational books examining the topics and issues of accounting theory showed that designation, volume, consistency of teaching, etc. differ. The issues of accounting significance, types, principles or policies are examined the most frequently. Lithuanian authors have introduced plenty of new and original thoughts and ideas on these issues which enrich accounting theory. Among them these are noteworthy: introduction of new accounting principles, more detailed definition of financial and management accounting, broader designation of accounting significance for the needs not only of a company, but of society, etc. These differences are explained not as much by the different approaches towards accounting theory but rather by the events and available information of the period in which the books were written. Examination of accounting theory issues in the works of Lithuanian authors is important because methodologically sound disclosure of their essence in textbooks and educational books is of key importance for training highly qualified experts of accounting.
straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba
Buhalterinės apskaitos teorija yra tam tikrų teiginių, liečiančių ūkinių operacijų apskaitą, sistema ir jų abstraktus mokslinis aiškinimas. Straipsnio tikslas – ištirti lietuvių autorių nuomones ir jų suformuluotus teiginius svarbiausiais buhalterinės apskaitos teorijos klausimais. Straipsnyje tiriama, kaip lietuvių autoriai savo darbuose nagrinėja svarbiausius buhalterinės apskaitos teorijos klausimus. Atlikta lietuvių autorių vadovėlių ir mokomųjų knygų, kuriose nagrinėjami buhalterinės apskaitos teorijos temos ir klausimai, analizė parodė, kad šių temų ir klausimų įvardijimai, apimtis, dėstymo nuoseklumas ir kita skiriasi. Dažniausiai nagrinėjami buhalterinės apskaitos reikšmės, rūšių, principų, politikos klausimai. Šiais klausimais lietuvių autoriai yra pareiškę nemažai naujų ir originalių minčių ir idėjų, praturtinančių buhalterinės apskaitos teoriją. Iš jų pažymėtinas naujų buhalterinės apskaitos principų įtraukimas, finansinės ir valdymo apskaitos išsamesnis apibrėžimas, buhalterinės apskaitos reikšmės ne tik įmonės, bet ir visos visuomenės reikmėms platesnis įvardijimas ir kt. Šie skirtumai paaiškintini ne tiek autorių skirtingais požiūriais į buhalterinės apskaitos teoriją, o daugiau to laikmečio, kurio metu buvo rašomos knygos, aktualijomis ir turima informacija. Buhalterinės apskaitos klausimų nagrinėjimas lietuvių autorių darbuose yra svarbus, nes metodiškai pagrįstas jų esmės atskleidimas vadovėliuose ir mokomosiose knygose turi svarbią reikšmę rengiant aukštos kvalifikacijos buhalterinės apskaitos specialistus. Tyrimo metodai – mokslinės ir mokomosios literatūros analizė, turinio analizė, loginė analizė, informacijos rinkimo, lyginimo, sisteminimo ir apibendrinimo būdai.
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