The instability of Li10GeP2S12 toward moisture and that toward lithium metal are two challenges for the application in all‐solid‐state lithium batteries. In this work, Li10GeP2S12 is fluorinated to ...form a LiF‐coated core–shell solid electrolyte LiF@Li10GeP2S12. Density‐functional theory calculations confirm the hydrolysis mechanism of Li10GeP2S12 solid electrolyte, including H2O adsorption on Li atoms of Li10GeP2S12 and the subsequent PS43− dissociation affected by hydrogen bond. The hydrophobic LiF shell can reduce the adsorption site, thus resulting in superior moisture stability when exposing in 30% relative humidity air. Moreover, with LiF shell, Li10GeP2S12 shows one order lower electronic conductivity, which can significantly suppress lithium dendrite growth and reduce the side reaction between Li10GeP2S12 and lithium, realizing three times higher critical current density to 3 mA cm−2. The assembled LiNbO3@LiCoO2/LiF@Li10GeP2S12/Li battery exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 101.0 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 94.8% after 1000 cycles at 1 C.
LiF‐coated core–shell electrolyte LiF@Li10GeP2S12 is achieved by in situ gas‐phase fluoridation. Benefiting from the LiF shell, LiF@Li10GeP2S12 exhibits excellent compatibility toward moisture and lithium metal, realizing a high ionic conductivity after air exposure and three times higher critical current density. The assembled all‐solid‐state lithium battery exhibits a capacity retention of 94.8% after 1000 cycles at 1 C.
Soil erosion caused by rainfall is a dominant driving force of ecosystem degradation and has become a worldwide environmental issue. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the effect ...of erosion degree on the characteristics of soil erosion. This study aims to investigate the effects of erosion degree, rainfall intensity and slope gradient on erosion processes on bare weathered granite slopes of Southeast China. The method of simulated rainfalls was applied with two soil tanks under three slope gradients (8°, 15°, 25°), four rainfall intensities (60, 90, 120, 150 mm/h) and three erosion degrees (slight (E1), moderate (E2), severe (E3)). The rainfall time lasted 90 min and the paddy samples were collected at every 3 min to determine the runoff rate for surface flow (Rr-s) and interflow (Rr-i), sediment rate (Sr), sediment concentration (Sc) and particle size distribution (PSD). The enrichment ratio (Er) and mean weigh diameter (MWD) of different particles were finally calculated and evaluated. The occurring time of surface flow (Tr-s) and interflow (Tr-i) presented a negative relationship with rainfall intensity and slope gradient, while Tr-s presented an order of E2 > E1 > E3 and Tr-i was negatively related to erosion degree. Rr-s increased with runoff duration and was positively correlated to rainfall intensity and slope gradient but negatively correlated to erosion degree, but Rr-i displayed single-peak curves with runoff duration and was positively related to erosion degree. Sr showed an increasing-deceasing trend with runoff duration and was positively correlated to rainfall intensity and slope gradient. Sr on different slopes displayed an order of E1 > E2 > E3 at the 60 and 90 mm/h rainfalls while it reversed at heavier rainfalls. Sc decreased with runoff duration with light fluctuations. It was found that sediment PSD was corresponding to original soils to a definite extent while MWD and Er were positively correlated to erosion degree. These results facilitate the understandings of runoff and soil erosion processes in the weathered granite regions and erosion degree should be considered in future erosion prediction and modeling.
•Characteristics of runoff and sediment on bare weathered granite slopes of SE China•The effects of erosion degree, rainfall intensity and slope gradient were studied.•Sediment PSD corresponded to original soils with more fine-sized particles enriched.•Sediment Er and MWD were positively correlated to erosion degree.•Erosion degree should be considered when conducting erosion prediction and models.
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•SFR variation of alginate complexes with PACl dosage showed a unimodal pattern.•Alginate gel at PACl dosage of 100 mg/L had an ultra-high value of 1.40 × 1015 m−1 kg−1.•Unimodal ...pattern of SFR was caused by morphology transition from gel to floc.•Morphology transition was caused by the coordination order of Al3+with COOH.•Ultra-high gel SFR could be interpreted by Flory–Huggins lattice theory.
While polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation- microfiltration (MF) process is one of the most popular methods for surface water treatment, the fouling mechanism underlying this process has not well explored. In this study, sodium alginate (SA) was used as the model organic matter. It was interestingly found that, specific filtration resistance (SFR) of alginate-aluminum complexes initially increased to an ultra-high value of 1.40 × 1015 m−1 kg−1, and then sharply declined to rather low level of 3.85 × 1012 m−1 kg−1 with the increase in PACl dosage from 0 to 500 mg/L. A series of characterizations of the foulant samples showed that the alginate-aluminum complexes suffered a morphology transition from gel form to floc/cake form with the PACl dosage increase. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation indicated the preferential coordination of aluminum ions with the terminal carboxyl groups of the alginate chains at low PACl level, facilitating homogeneous gel formation. The ultra-high SFR of gel was interpreted by the Flory-Huggins lattice theory. High PACl level resulted in the coordination of aluminum ions with the non-terminal carboxyl groups and reduced the surface charge, and thus, caused gel collapse and floc formation, corresponding to rather low SFR values. Preferential coordination combined with the Flory-Huggins lattice theory revealed in this study offered a molecular level fouling mechanism in the coagulation- microfiltration (MF) process for water treatment.
Highly weathered acidic soils tend to have high phosphorus adsorption rates. Studying the differential phosphorus adsorption and desorption characteristics of these soils is of great significance to ...improve phosphorus utilization efficiency and reduce soil phosphorus loss in agricultural management. Erosive weathered granite soil (TL-Tillage layer, LL-Laterite layer, and SL-Sand layer) in Anji County, Zhejiang Province were selected for batch experiments and phosphorus fractionation test. The soil properties that are generally considered to have a greater impact on phosphorus adsorption and desorption are also studied. Derived from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the maximum absorption capacity (
Q
max
) of phosphorus in TL soil was greater than that in LL and SL soil. With a pH of 4.3–5.0, the three soils have the most phosphorus adsorption. The desorption ratio (
D
r
) in the SL soil is larger than the LL and TL soil. Six key soil property indicators can fit
Q
max
and
D
r
values well. Al-P is the main fraction in the phosphorus adsorption-desorption process. The particle size classification (PSC) method can be used to accurately calculate soil-specific surface area. The results of the soil phosphorus adsorption-desorption test can be used as an explanation of the results of artificial rainfall tests. Our results reveal the differential adsorption-desorption mechanism of eroded weathered granite soil, and provide a reference for selecting soil indicators for soil adsorption-desorption studies in different regions.
Objective
Botulinum toxin injection, micro-needling injection, and filler injection are the most widely used non-surgical facial cosmetic treatments. Hypersensitivity reactions associated with ...injections have not received sufficient attention due to their low incidence rates. The authors tried to summarize the characteristics of the hypersensitivity caused by cosmetic injections and helped to improve the diagnosis and treatment.
Methods
A comprehensive search of the PubMed database to September 2019 was performed. Articles were screened using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collected included patient characteristics, injection information (injected material, trade name, location of injection, symptoms of allergy, time of onset), diagnostic examination, treatment, and prognosis.
Results
A total of 14 articles (57 patients) were included. There were 3 patients receiving botulinum toxin injection, 3 patients receiving micro-needling injection, and 46 patients receiving hyaluronic acid injection. Five patients were injected with collagen, polyacrylamide, paraffin, alkyl-imide or hyaluronidase, separately. The symptoms were redness, swelling, itching or induration at the injection site. The diagnosis and treatment methods vary greatly depending on the injection fillers. Removing the injected filler is the primary treatment.
Conclusion
Although hypersensitivity reaction is a relatively uncommon adverse event, more practice guidelines and research on diagnosis and treatment are demanded to help improve the outcomes.
Level of Evidence III
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the table of contents or the online instructions to authors
www.springer.com/00266
.
Epithelium-mesenchymal interactions are involved in odontogenic processes. Previous studies have focused on the intracellular signalling regulatory network in tooth development, but the functions of ...extracellular regulatory molecules have remained unclear. This study aims to explore the gene profile of extracellular proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycan chains potentially involved in dental epithelium-mesenchymal interactions using high-throughput sequencing to provide new understanding of early odontogenesis.
Whole transcriptome profiles of the mouse dental epithelium and mesenchyme were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A total of 1,281 and 1,582 differentially expressed genes were identified between the dental epithelium and mesenchyme at E11.5 and E13.5, respectively. Enrichment analysis showed that extracellular regions and ECM-receptor interactions were significantly enriched at both E11.5 and E13.5. Polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that the extracellular proteoglycan family exhibited distinct changes during epithelium-mesenchymal interactions. Most proteoglycans showed higher transcript levels in the dental mesenchyme, whereas only a few were upregulated in the epithelium at both stages. In addition, 9 proteoglycans showed dynamic expression changes between these two tissue compartments. Gpc4, Sdc2, Spock2, Dcn and Lum were expressed at higher levels in the dental epithelium at E11.5, whereas their expression was significantly higher in the dental mesenchyme at E13.5, which coincides with the odontogenic potential shift. Moreover, the glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic enzymes Ext1, Hs3st1/5, Hs6st2/3, Ndst3 and Sulf1 also exhibited early upregulation in the epithelium but showed markedly higher expression in the mesenchyme after the odontogenic potential shift.
This study reveals the dynamic expression profile of extracellular proteoglycans and their biosynthetic enzymes during the dental epithelium-mesenchymal interaction. This study offers new insight into the roles of extracellular proteoglycans and their distinct sulfation underlying early odontogenesis.
Abstract
Pulmonary microbial diversity may be influenced by biotic or abiotic conditions (e.g., disease, smoking, invasive mechanical ventilation (MV), etc.). Specially, invasive MV may trigger ...structural and physiological changes in both tissue and microbiota of lung, due to gastric and oral microaspiration, altered body posture, high O
2
inhalation-induced O
2
toxicity in hypoxemic patients, impaired airway clearance and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), which in turn reduce the diversity of the pulmonary microbiota and may ultimately lead to poor prognosis. Furthermore, changes in (local) O
2
concentration can reduce the diversity of the pulmonary microbiota by affecting the local immune microenvironment of lung. In conclusion, systematic literature studies have found that invasive MV reduces pulmonary microbiota diversity, and future rational regulation of pulmonary microbiota diversity by existing or novel clinical tools (e.g., lung probiotics, drugs) may improve the prognosis of invasive MV treatment and lead to more effective treatment of lung diseases with precision.
In recent years, with the advancement of natural language processing techniques and the release of models like ChatGPT, how language models understand questions has become a hot topic. In handling ...complex logical reasoning with pre-trained models, its performance still has room for improvement. Inspired by DAGN, we propose an improved DaGATN (Discourse-apperceptive Graph Attention Networks) model. By constructing a discourse information graph to learn logical clues in the text, we decompose the context, question, and answer into elementary discourse units (EDUs) and connect them with discourse relations to construct a relation graph. The text features are learned through a discourse graph attention network and applied to downstream multiple-choice tasks. Our method was evaluated on the ReClor dataset and achieved an accuracy of 74.3%, surpassing the best-known performance methods utilizing deberta-xlarge-level pre-trained models, and also performed better than ChatGPT (Zero-Shot).
The High-Resolution Imaging Camera (HiRIC) is one major payload of China’s first Mars exploration mission, and its main objective is to obtain the detailed observation images of the key areas on the ...Martian surface. In this paper, the leading group of HiRIC shows a full blueprint of the HiRIC. The HiRIC can achieve a high resolution (0.5 m at an altitude of 265 km) with a wide swath width of 9 km. The HiRIC adopts an Off-Axis Three-Mirror Astigmatic (TMA) optical system with a focal length of 4640 mm, an F-number of 12 and a Field of View (FOV) of 2° × 0.693°. In order to reduce the instrument weight, carbon-based material is widely used in the opto-mechanical structure which is in ultra-lightweight design, thus, a light-weight camera with a total mass of 42 kg is obtained. The Time Delay and Integration (TDI) Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) and Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistor (CMOS) detectors are all set on the imaging plane to achieve the push-broom imaging and frame imaging, respectively. And the high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) >100:1 can achieve in multi observation types for various scientific imaging tasks. After 4-year design and fabricate, the HiRIC has been assembly. The testing results show that the instrument is in good condition, and the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) can achieve 0.18 at Nyquist frequency. The HiRIC can achieve a well image on China first Mars exploration mission.
Soil erosion by water destroys the physical protection of carbon in soil aggregates and accelerates decomposition, thus impacting soil organic carbon stocks and making the soil barren. Runoff process ...and lateral transport of soil total carbon were studied using sloping flumes in an artificial rainfall simulator. The flumes were filled with soil collected from the surface horizon, the underlying laterite horizon, and the deeper sand horizon, three portions of a weathered granite soil profile. The results showed that the initial runoff-yielding time was faster under large rainfall intensities and steep slope gradients. The runoff process on sand soil slopes showed a trend of increasing with the increase of rainfall duration, while the trend on surface soil slopes and laterite soil slopes were mainly increasing rapidly and then stable. The volume of overland flow on surface soil slopes was the largest under the same conditions, with an average value of 14,259 mL, while it was the smallest on sand soil slopes. There was no interflow on surface soil slopes, and the interflow curves of the sandy soil slopes and the laterite soil slopes were all single-peak curves. The TC concentration curves of overland flow on sand soil slopes presented a high initial concentration and were then decreasing to a stable state, but the trends on laterite soil slopes and surface soil slopes was not obvious. The TC concentration curves of interflow on sand soil slopes and laterite soil slopes were similar to those of the runoff process curves, and the TC concentration on laterite soil slopes peaked faster. The TC loss gross amount on sand soil slopes and laterite soil slopes was much larger than that on surface soil slopes. Sediment was the main carrier of TC on sandy soil slopes, which TC loss with sediment was more than 50% in each rainfall test. Runoff was the main carrier of TC on laterite soil slopes and surface soil slopes; TC loss with runoff was above 60% on surface soil slopes. At the same time, partial correlation coefficients showed that rainfall intensity was the most important factor affecting TC loss. The results can provide a calculation method and scientific basis for the estimation of the TC loss on weathered granite soil slopes in the south of China.
•The first study on process of total carbon transport on decomposed granitic soils•Rainfall intensity has a greater influence on total carbon loss than slope gradient.•Sediment was the main carrier of total carbon(TC) on exposed sand layer slope.•Runoff was the main carrier of TC on exposed laterite layer slope and surface slope.
