In the COVID-19 pandemic, we have emphasised the importance for epidemiological data to be presented by age and sex groups.1,2 This call has also been made by the European Association of Science ...Editors3 and The Lancet.4 Without these data, the public are unable to make truly informed choices about their own disease risk, and public policy responses cannot be specifically targeted. The prevailing view is that although the number of male cases is not dissimilar to the number of female cases, men have about twice the risk of death from COVID-19, leading to a range of hypotheses, from lifestyles to differences in chromosomal structure.5–7 Although graphs describing disaggregated national statistical data can be found on the Global Health 50/50 website,8 the underlying data are not shown and, to the best of our knowledge, have not been described in the literature. Genetic explanations will need to consider the interaction of age, sex, and the risk factors previously mentioned through the life course, including gene expression and epigenetics.
•Cyclodextrins and the complexes they form are described.•Pharmaceutical uses of cyclodextrin are enumerated.•Physical chemical properties of cyclodextrins are described.•Toxicological considerations ...and reglatory issues are discussed.•Mechanism of complex formation and methods to determine the type of complex formed are discussed.
Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides that have been recognized as pharmaceutical adjuvants for the past 20 years. The molecular structure of these glucose derivatives, which approximates a truncated cone, bucket, or torus, generates a hydrophilic exterior surface and a nonpolar interior cavity. Cyclodextrins can interact with appropriately sized drug molecules to yield an inclusion complex. These noncovalent inclusion complexes offer a variety of advantages over the noncomplexed form of a drug. Cyclodextrins are primarily used to enhance the aqueous solubility, physical chemical stability, and bioavailability of drugs. Their other applications include preventing drug–drug interactions, converting liquid drugs into microcrystalline powders, minimizing gastrointestinal and ocular irritation, and reducing or eliminating unpleasant taste and smell. Here, we discuss the physical chemical properties of various cyclodextrins, including the effects of substitutions on these properties. Additionally, we report on the regulatory status of their use, commercial products containing cyclodextrins, toxicological considerations, and the forces involved in complex formation. We also highlight the types of complex formed and discuss the methods used to determine the types of complex present.
•Determination and significance of the binding constant is described.•The complexation efficiency and its utility are discussed.•The use of cyclodextrin in the solubilization of drugs is ...discussed.•Examples of the use of cyclodextrin in solid dosage forms are provided.
Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides that have been recognized as pharmaceutical adjuvants for the past 20 years. The molecular structure of these glucose derivatives, which approximates a truncated cone, bucket, or torus, generates a hydrophilic exterior surface and a nonpolar interior cavity. Cyclodextrins can interact with appropriately sized drug molecules to yield an inclusion complex. These noncovalent inclusion complexes offer a variety of advantages over noncomplexed forms of a drug. Cyclodextrins are carbohydrates that are primarily used to enhance the aqueous solubility, physical chemical stability, and bioavailability of drugs. Their other applications include preventing drug–drug interactions, converting liquid drugs into microcrystalline powders, minimizing gastrointestinal and ocular irritation, and reducing or eliminating unpleasant taste and smell. Here, we focus on the solubilization of drugs by complexation, and discuss the determination and significance of binding constants for cyclodextrin complexes, and the determination of complexation efficiency and factors that influence it. We also make some general observations on cyclodextrin complexation and the use of cyclodextrins in solid, as well as parenteral, dosage forms.
Abstract
The quantity and accuracy of satellite-geodetic measurements have increased over time, revolutionizing the monitoring of tectonic processes. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and ...satellite radar signals provide observations beyond ground deformation, including how earthquake and tsunami processes affect variations in the ionosphere. Here, we study the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption 2022 and its associated tsunami propagation with the analysis GNSS derived Total Electron Content (TEC), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 data, complemented with tide gauge observations. We utilize GNSS sites data within a ~ 5000 km radius from the volcanic eruption for estimating the ionospheric perturbation as Vertical TEC. We give evidence on the detection of acoustic gravity, internal gravity, and atmospheric Lamb waves signatures in the TEC perturbation. In particular, the internal gravity waves that concentrated in the southwest of Tonga, directly correlates with the observed tsunami propagation direction as accounted by the tide gauge measurements. However, the acoustic gravity wave signature in the TEC is dominant in the north direction suggesting a surface deformation, which could be verified using Sentinel-1A SAR amplitude data. The analysis presented herein shows that within 5 h of the volcanic eruption, the central part of the HTHH island landscape disappeared with the biggest explosion. The unprecedented detail resolved by integrating satellite data yields previously unknown details of the deformation of the 2022 HTHH volcano eruption.
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Enzymes are biocatalysts that speed up the chemical reaction to obtain the final valuable product/s. Biotechnology has revolutionized the use of traditional enzymes to be applicable ...in industries such as food, beverage, personal and household care, agriculture, bioenergy, pharmaceutical, and various other segments. With respect to the exponential growth of enzymes in biotech industries, it becomes important to highlight the advancements and impact of enzyme technology over recent years. In this review article, we discuss the existing and emerging production approaches, applications, developments, and global need for enzymes. Special emphasis is given to the predominantly utilized hydrolytic microbial enzymes in industrial bioprocesses.
This study presents the observation and evaluation of a meteotsunami in the Indian Ocean triggered by the Hunga‐Tonga volcanic eruption. The event was detected through tide gauges and bottom‐pressure ...recordings across the Indian Ocean, with an amplitude of 10–15 cm, lasting for a few days. A numerical model was used to understand the ocean's response to meteotsunami and evaluate the dynamics behind it. The model results show that the sea‐level oscillations result from the ocean waves generated by a propagating Lamb wave. In addition to interaction with bathymetry, refracted and reflected waves also determine the sea‐level variability. Our analysis shows that bathymetric slope plays a vital role in near‐shore processes. The spectral and spatial characteristics of the meteotsunami were reminiscent of seismic tsunamis. Our research on this rare event elucidates the unresolved issues and eventually leads to designing a blueprint for future observation and modeling of meteotsunamis and seismic tsunamis.
Plain Language Summary
This study evaluates the observation of a rare meteotsunami event that occurred in the Indian Ocean. An atmospheric pressure wave generated by the eruption of the Hunga‐Tonga volcano in the Pacific Ocean caused the meteotsunami. The signatures of this event were captured by tide gauges installed along the coast and pressure recorders moored at the ocean floor. We demonstrate using a numerical model that fast‐moving atmospheric pressure waves, Lamb waves, caused the sea‐level oscillations. Interactions with bathymetry further influenced sea‐level variability in the basin, reflected waves, and refracted waves. The vulnerable areas showed a striking resemblance to the area impacted by the tsunami that hit the Indian Ocean in 2004. This research eventually helps to identify and incorporate observational and modeling issues associated with seismic tsunamis and meteotsunami.
Key Points
We present the first comprehensive evaluation of meteotsunami in the Indian Ocean using observation and modeling
A forced wave to free wave transformation happens on the continental slope, and the bathymetry slope is crucial to near‐shore processes
The meteotsunami exhibits a spectral and spatial similarity to seismic tsunamis that previously occurred in the Indian Ocean
South Asia’s dependence on the monsoon has always been a source of economic uncertainty. This paper examines the history of ways of thinking about the monsoon and risk, focusing on India. The science ...of meteorology, and a growing interest in ways to mitigate monsoon risk, developed in response to major famines. Piecemeal interventions, including a series of canals and small dams, began India’s hydraulic transformation. By the middle of the twentieth century, massive hydraulic engineering emerged as the dominant solution to controlling the monsoon’s risks. Large dams account for the largest share of government expenditure in independent India, but since the 1960s, intensive and mostly unregulated groundwater exploitation has played a greater role in meeting irrigation needs. The expansion in India’s irrigated area and an expansion in food production. But this has come at a cost: millions have been displaced by dam construction; groundwater exploitation has reached unsustainable levels, and has had an effect on regional climate.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key feature in both aging and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the molecular signature that distinguishes pathological changes in the ...AD from healthy aging in the brain mitochondria remain poorly understood. In order to unveil AD specific mitochondrial dysfunctions, this study adopted a discovery-driven approach with isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and label-free quantitative proteomics, and profiled the mitochondrial proteomes in human brain tissues of healthy and AD individuals. LC-MS/MS-based iTRAQ quantitative proteomics approach revealed differentially altered mitochondriomes that distinguished the AD's pathophysiology-induced from aging-associated changes. Our results showed that dysregulated mitochondrial complexes including electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP-synthase are the potential driver for pathology of the AD. The iTRAQ results were cross-validated with independent label-free quantitative proteomics experiments to confirm that the subunit of electron transport chain complex I, particularly NDUFA4 and NDUFA9 were altered in AD patients, suggesting destabilization of the junction between membrane and matrix arms of mitochondrial complex I impacted the mitochondrial functions in the AD. iTRAQ quantitative proteomics of brain mitochondriomes revealed disparity in healthy aging and age-dependent AD.
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