Utjecaj potresa na tlo Banovine Šimunić, Antun; Vidaček, Željko; Svoboda, Bogdan
Agronomski glasnik,
02/2022, Letnik:
83, Številka:
1-2
Journal Article, Paper
Odprti dostop
Na temelju terenskih istraživanje i podataka iz dostupne literature smatramo da su urušene jame na području Borojevića i Mečenčana nastale na dva načina. Najviše ih je nastalo uslijed likvefakcije ...tla koju su izazvali potresi, a manji dio je nastao djelovanjem sufozije koja je uslijedila nakon izgradnje velikog vodocrpilišta „Pašino vrelo“. Na kraju je dan prijedlog kako se može spriječiti postanak novih jama. Slijedom aktualnih događanja i mogućih posljedica, analizirane su pedološke značajke i oštećenja poljoprivrednog zemljišta na području urušenih jama. Na kraju, preporučamo agromelioracjske mjere za formiranje i racionalno korištenje novog produktivnog površinskog sloja tla okućnica, obradivih tala i travnjaka.
Based on field research and data from the available literature, we believe that the collapsed holes in the area of Borojević and Mečenčani were formed in two ways. Most of them were caused by the liquefaction of the soil caused by earthquakes, and a smaller part was caused by the action of suffusion that followed the construction of a large water pumping station at Pašino vrelo. Finally, a suggestion was made on how to prevent the formation of new collapsed holes. Following current events and possible consequences, we analyze the pedological characteristics and damage of agricultural land in the area of collapsed holes. Finally, we recommend agro-ameliorative measures for the formation and rational use of a new productive soil surface layer of garden, arable land and grassland.
Late-spring frosts (LSFs) affect the performance of plants and animals across the world’s temperate and boreal zones, but despite their ecological and economic impact on agriculture and forestry, the ...geographic distribution and evolutionary impact of these frost events are poorly understood. Here, we analyze LSFs between 1959 and 2017 and the resistance strategies of Northern Hemisphere woody species to infer trees’ adaptations for minimizing frost damage to their leaves and to forecast forest vulnerability under the ongoing changes in frost frequencies. Trait values on leaf-out and leaf-freezing resistance come from up to 1,500 temperate and boreal woody species cultivated in common gardens. We find that areas in which LSFs are common, such as eastern North America, harbor tree species with cautious (late-leafing) leaf-out strategies. Areas in which LSFs used to be unlikely, such as broad-leaved forests and shrublands in Europe and Asia, instead harbor opportunistic tree species (quickly reacting to warming air temperatures). LSFs in the latter regions are currently increasing, and given species’ innate resistance strategies, we estimate that ~35% of the European and ~26% of the Asian temperate forest area, but only ~10% of the North American, will experience increasing late-frost damage in the future. Our findings reveal region-specific changes in the spring-frost risk that can inform decision-making in land management, forestry, agriculture, and insurance policy.
Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of biosimilar infliximab (CT-P13) in a real-life setting in adults with moderate-to-severe active Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC).
...Methods: This multi-centre, observational cohort study was conducted at medical centres in Romania, Czech Republic, and Bulgaria. Effectiveness was measured using the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) for CD or partial Clinical Activity Index (pCAI) for UC. Quality-of-life (QoL) was measured using the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ). Safety was assessed according to treatment withdrawals and adverse events (AEs) monitoring. Analyses were performed in the safety population and were reported based on the observed case (OC) or last observation carried forward (LOCF) method.
Results: Altogether, 85 patients with CD (n = 38) or UC (n = 47) received biosimilar infliximab for up to 30 weeks. Most patients (n = 68; 80.0%) had no prior exposure to infliximab. At the end of treatment, 65.8% (95% CI = 49.8-78.9) of CD patients and 55.3% (95% CI = 41.2-68.6) of UC patients showed a clinical response, and 47.4% (95% CI = 32.5-62.7) and 48.9% (95% CI = 35.3-62.8), respectively, were in remission. Statistically significant (p < 0.0001) improvements from baseline were observed in CDAI and pCAI scores (both LOCF). In the combined CD and UC population, SIBDQ was significantly improved (p < 0.0001) from baseline to end of treatment (OC). Two AEs (moderately severe infusion reactions) were judged by investigators to be definitely related to treatment, one of which led to treatment withdrawal.
Conclusion: Results align with those of previous studies demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of biosimilar infliximab in CD and UC.
Abstract
Tree regeneration is a key demographic process influencing long‐term forest dynamics. It is driven by climate, disturbances, biotic factors and their interactions. Thus, predictions of tree ...regeneration are challenging due to complex feedbacks along the wide climatic gradients covered by most tree species. The stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) provides a framework for assessing such feedbacks across species ranges, suggesting that competition between trees is more frequent under favourable conditions, whereas reduced competition (i.e. positive interactions) is more likely under climatic stress. Moreover, tree life‐history strategies (LHS) may shed light on how and whether the SGH explains regeneration of different tree species.
To address these topics, we developed statistical models based on >50,000 recruitment events observed for 24 tree species in an extensive permanent plot network (6540 plots from 299 unmanaged European temperate, boreal and subalpine forests) covering a wide climatic gradient.
We found that the effects of Leaf Area Index (as a proxy for competition) on tree recruitment changed along climatic gradients but in a species‐specific manner. Competition predominates, with its intensity decreasing under stressful conditions for most species, as predicted by the SGH. However, positive interactions were only evident for a few species. Additionally, the ability of the SGH to explain patterns of competition and positive interactions across the gradients differed among species, with some differences and exceptions that may be related to varying LHS.
Synthesis
. Our study shows that competition between trees toward climatic stress decreases systematically but depends on species stress tolerance to climate and shade. These findings explain within‐ and between‐species differences in tree recruitment patterns in European temperate forests. Moreover, our findings imply that projections of forest dynamics along wide climatic gradients and under climate change must accommodate both competition and positive interactions, as they strongly affect rates of community turnover.
To provide an update on the progress of the multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids after significant head injury (CRASH).
After a successful pilot phase, the main phase of the ...CRASH Trial began in March 2001. By June 2002, 107 hospitals from 31 countries were participating in the trial, and together had recruited 3000 patients. Nine hundred patients (30%) had mild head injury, 885 (30%) had moderate head injury, and 1215 (40%) had severe head injury. A total of 1941 (65%) patients were randomized within 3 hours of injury. Outcome at 2 weeks from injury was known for 2933 (98%) patients, of whom 557 (19%) died. At the time of writing, 6-month follow-up for the first 1500 patients was nearly complete. Vital status was known for 1429 (95%) of the 1500 patients, of whom 313 (22%) had died. Functional status based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale was known for 1391 (93%) of the 1500 patients: 22% were dead, 16% were severely disabled, 23% were moderately disabled, and 39% had made a good recovery.
The CRASH Trial is a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of a 48-hour corticosteroid infusion after significant head injury and is now the largest head injury trial ever conducted. The efforts of the national coordinators have shown that it is possible to enroll and follow up very large numbers of head-injured patients.
Avian sarcoma virus PR2257 transduced de novo the c-src gene and about 900 bp of 3' non-coding sequences belonging to the src locus. This virus contains only one mutation in the c-src coding sequence ...causing a reading frame shift after Pro-525. The molecular clone studied was derived from a cell line of transformed quail fibroblasts, C7. It contains endogenous virus (ev) derived sequences in the U5 and 3' non-coding regions, indicating that multiple recombination occurred with endogenous virus. Here we investigated the possible evolution of PR2257 when the original tumour was repeatedly passaged in vivo. After 16 passages a new virus, designated PR2257/16, appeared with a tenfold higher titre. The sequence of PR2257/16 was determined and showed that PR2257/16 resulted from recombination of PR2257 with the env gene of the helper virus (td daPR-C). This recombination expanded the env gene content in PR2257/16 and, in addition, five point mutations occurred in its genome. Because we thought that an endogenous virus might be involved in the mechanism of c-src transduction, we also reinvestigated the presence of ev sequences in PR2257 proviruses from several early passages of the original tumour. We found that in contrast with the first isolate from the C7 cell line, the provirus in these tumours did not contain such sequences. These results do not support the hypothesis that endogenous sequences were involved in the transduction process.
When injected into chickens, a transformation-defective mutant of the Prague C strain of Rous sarcoma virus induced tumors at low incidence and after a long latency. One such tumor released a ...replication-defective virus designated PR2257. We molecularly cloned and sequenced the proviral DNA from quail fibroblasts transformed by PR2257. Comparison of PR2257 sequence with that of Prague C, cellular src, and 3' adjacent cellular DNA showed that the spliced version of the c-src gene and about 950 base pairs (bp) of 3'-flanking cellular DNA were transduced into PR2257. This transduction eliminated nearly all replicative genes, since the gag gene splice donor site was linked to the splice acceptor site of the src gene and, on the 3' side, recombination occurred in the end of env gene. Insertion of two extra cytosines 23 bp before and 19 bp after the c-src stop codon resulted in an extension of the coding portion up to 587 amino acids, divergence of sequences after Pro-525 and replacement of Tyr-527 by a valine residue. In addition, it appears that the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of PR2257 result from multiple recombinations between exogenous and endogenous virus genomes. Limited digestion of p66src encoded by PR2257 with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease yielded a V2 peptide (C-terminal moiety) with an apparent molecular mass of 31 kilodaltons, consistent with the 5.7-kilodalton increase expected from the DNA sequence. The structure of PR2257 suggests that the first step in the capture of c-src gene by avian lymphomatosis viruses in the trans splicing of the viral leader mRNA to exon 1 of c-src
PR2257 is a new replication-defective avian sarcoma virus which harbours in addition to the spliced version of the c-src gene also about 950 bp of no-coding cellular sequences located downstream from ...the c-src stop codon (Geryk et al., 1989). Comparison of the 950 bp region transduced by PR2257 with the chicken c-src cDNA (Dorai et al., 1991) and genomic sequences of the c-src 3' non-coding region from chicken and quail has shown that there are no additional introns. The c-src 3' non-coding region represents the largest c-src exon (No. 12) comprising about 2 kb. Absence of conserved open reading frames within this region in chicken and quail genomic DNAs excludes the possibility for coding a protein by these sequences. Also, the possibility was excluded that numerous endogenous virus-derived sequences identified in molecularly cloned PR2257 provirus played a role in the c-src transduction. After serial passaging of PR2257 virus in vivo a variant PR2257/16 was isolated. In PR2257/16, the size of the env gene was increased due to homologous recombination with a helper virus. In addition to mutations in the viral leader and the v-src coding region, a large deletion in transduced c-src 3' non-coding sequences was found in the PR2257/16 genome. The significance of genome modifications for selective advantage of this viral variant in vivo is discussed.
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