The effect of synthesized spiropyrimidinethiones, namely, 6′-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-phenyl-2′-thioxo-2′,3′-dihydro-1′
H
-spiroindoline-3,4′-pyrimidine-2-one (MPTS) and ...6′-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-phenyl-2′-thioxo-2′,3′-dihydro-1′
H
-spiroindoline-3,4′-pyrimidine-2-one (CPTS) on the corrosion of mild steel in 15% HCl solution was investigated by using weight loss and electrochemical methods. Both inhibitors act as mixed inhibitors and their adsorption on mild steel obeyed Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The potential of zero charge (
E
PZC
) for the mild steel was determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy, FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the surface morphology of the uninhibited and inhibited mild steel specimens. Density Functional Theory (DFT) was employed for theoretical calculations.
The effect of synthesized spiropyrimidinethiones on the corrosion of mild steel in 15% HCl solution was investigated by using weight loss and electrochemical methods.
High-temperature copper oxide superconductors consist of stacked CuO
planes, with electronic band structures and magnetic excitations that are primarily two-dimensional
, but with superconducting ...coherence that is three-dimensional. This dichotomy highlights the importance of out-of-plane charge dynamics, which has been found to be incoherent in the normal state
within the limited range of momenta accessible by optics. Here we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to explore the charge dynamics across all three dimensions of the Brillouin zone. Polarization analysis of recently discovered collective excitations (modes) in electron-doped copper oxides
reveals their charge origin, that is, without mixing with magnetic components
. The excitations disperse along both the in-plane and out-of-plane directions, revealing its three-dimensional nature. The periodicity of the out-of-plane dispersion corresponds to the distance between neighbouring CuO
planes rather than to the crystallographic c-axis lattice constant, suggesting that the interplane Coulomb interaction is responsible for the coherent out-of-plane charge dynamics. The observed properties are hallmarks of the long-sought 'acoustic plasmon', which is a branch of distinct charge collective modes predicted for layered systems
and argued to play a substantial part in mediating high-temperature superconductivity
.
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) bestows cancer cells with increased stem cell properties and metastatic potential. To date, multiple extracellular stimuli and transcription factors have ...been shown to regulate EMT. Many of them are not druggable and therefore it is necessary to identify targets, which can be inhibited using small molecules to prevent metastasis. Recently, we identified the ganglioside GD2 as a novel breast cancer stem cell marker. Moreover, we found that GD3 synthase (GD3S)--an enzyme involved in GD2 biosynthesis--is critical for GD2 production and could serve as a potential druggable target for inhibiting tumor initiation and metastasis. Indeed, there is a small molecule known as triptolide that has been shown to inhibit GD3S function. Accordingly, in this manuscript, we demonstrate that the inhibition of GD3S using small hairpin RNA or triptolide compromises the initiation and maintenance of EMT instigated by various signaling pathways, including Snail, Twist and transforming growth factor-β1 as well as the mesenchymal characteristics of claudin-low breast cancer cell lines (SUM159 and MDA-MB-231). Moreover, GD3S is necessary for wound healing, migration, invasion and stem cell properties in vitro. Most importantly, inhibition of GD3S in vivo prevents metastasis in experimental as well as in spontaneous syngeneic wild-type mouse models. We also demonstrate that the transcription factor FOXC2, a central downstream effector of several EMT pathways, directly regulates GD3S expression by binding to its promoter. In clinical specimens, the expression of GD3S correlates with poor prognosis in triple-negative human breast tumors. Moreover, GD3S expression correlates with activation of the c-Met signaling pathway leading to increased stem cell properties and metastatic competence. Collectively, these findings suggest that the GD3S-c-Met axis could serve as an effective target for the treatment of metastatic breast cancers.
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of repeated administrations of antioxidant multiminerals and vitamins in transition buffaloes on udder defense mechanism, antioxidant activity and ...occurrence of intramammary infection (IMI) in early lactation period. Forty clinically healthy pregnant buffaloes were enrolled 45 days before expected date of calving and randomly allocated into five different supplementation groups (n = 8): only basal ration (control), vitamin E and selenium (VES), multiminerals (MM), ascorbic acid (AA) and chromium (Cr) picolinate in basal diet. The udder defense mechanism was monitored by measuring phagocytic activity (PA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) productions in milk leukocytes, antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma and occurrence of IMI was assessed by milk cytology, bacterial count in milk and visible clinical signs of udder until day 28 post-calving. The results showed that the VES and MM supplementations exhibited significantly higher PA, MPO and NO productions of milk leukocytes till first week of lactation whereas, elevated mean TAC in plasma was maintained from day −7 to 1 of calving in MM supplementation group as compared to control group. Statistically, no significant difference in occurrences of subclinical or clinical IMI was noted across the groups until four weeks of lactation. Taken together, it is concluded that repeated administrations of VES and MM to transition buffaloes could be an effective strategy to maintain good udder health by augmenting milk leukocyte functions and antioxidant status and preventing incidence of IMI in early lactation.
•Periparturient buffaloes show compromised udder and antioxidant defense mechanisms.•Both vitamin E‑selenium and multimineral injections improved milk leukocyte function.•Vitamin E‑selenium and multimineral supplements improved plasma antioxidant activity.•Both antioxidants are effective in maintaining good udder health in early lactation.
Corrosion inhibition and adsorption characteristics of synthesized carbohydrate compounds, namely, 5,6-bis(2-(1
H
-benzo
d
imidazol-2-yl)hydrazono)hexane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (BIHT) and ...5,6-bis(2-(1-methyl-1
H
-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazono)hexane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (MIHT) on oil-field N80 steel in 15% HCl were measured by mass loss, polarization, EIS and PZC procedures. The compounds BIHT and MIHT are efficient corrosion inhibitors and they adsorb on the steel surface following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. SEM, EDX, AFM and XPS were used for characterizing the surface of the steel samples after exposing them to 15% HCl without and with BIHT and MIHT. DFT and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) were applied for theoretical studies.
Corrosion inhibition effect of 5,6-bis(2-(1
H
-benzo
d
imidazol-2-yl)hydrazono)hexane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (BIHT) and 5,6-bis(2-(1-methyl-1
H
-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazono)hexane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (MIHT) on N80 steel in 15% HCl was measured by electrochemical method.
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•Sol-gel synthesis as a reliable way to design bi-magnetic hard-soft nanocomposites.•Tuning the magnetic anisotropy of the soft phase in an efficient way by elemental doping.•Strong ...magnetic coupling between the phases.•Developing exchange-coupled nanosystems.
Among hard/soft nanocomposites (NCs), ferrite-based materials are potentially promising for developing exchange-coupled systems, thus leading to enhanced magnetic properties. In this regard, we investigate the role of the synthesis approach in the development of SrFe12O19/CoFe2O4 (SFO/CFO) NCs, with special focus on tuning the magnetic features of the softer phase (CFO) by introducing Zn2+ in the spinel structure. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and squid magnetometry were employed to clarify the relationship between morphology, size, and magnetic properties of the NCs, pointing out the feasibility of this method in obtaining successfully exchange-coupled systems. This work shows how optimizing the intrinsic magnetic properties of the CFO may be used to tune the extrinsic ones of the NCs. Despite the promising results in magnetic coupling, our study clearly confirms/strengthens that an enhancement of remanent magnetization is the most important factor for improving the magnetic performance.
ABSTRACT
Mycorrhization has been an integral part of plants since colonization by the early land plants. Over decades, substantial research has highlighted its potential role in improving nutritional ...efficiency and growth, development and survival of crop plants. However, the focus of this review is trees. Evidence have been provided to explain ecological and physiological significance of mycorrhization in trees. Advances in recent technologies (e.g., metagenomics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, agricultural drones) may open new windows to apply this knowledge in promoting tree growth in forest ecosystems. Dual mycorrhization relationships in trees and even triple relationships among trees, mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria offer an interesting physiological system to understand how plants interact with other organisms for better survival. Besides, studies indicate additional roles of mycorrhization in learning, memorizing and communication between host trees through a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). Recent observations in trees suggest that mycorrhization may even promote tolerance to multiple abiotic (e.g., drought, salt, heavy metal stress) and biotic (e.g. fungi) stresses. Due to the extent of physiological reliance, local adaptation of trees is heavily impacted by the mycorrhizal community. This knowledge opens the possibility of a non‐GMO avenue to promote tree growth and development. Indeed, mycorrhization could impact growth of trees in nurserys and subsequent survival of the inoculated trees in field conditions. Future studies might integrate hyperspectral imaging and drone technologies to identify tree communities that are deficient in nitrogen and spray mycorrhizal spore formulations on them.
Mycorrhization in trees impacts ecological and physiological dynamics of a forest ecosystem.
We explore the solventless synthesis of iron oxide nanomaterials obtained on thermal conversion of iron(III)citrate in presence of malonic acid and glucose as co-precursors in varying weight ratios ...and physical characterization of the materials obtained. Pure phase of hematite was found only for a particular combination of precursor and co-precursor and else a mixture of hematite and magnetite. Significant effect of the co-precursors on the nature and size of the synthesized materials was noticed. Gradual conversion of hematite to magnetite with increasing amount of co-precursor was established. Morin transition was observed in the temperature dependent magnetization study for the hematite materials. Absorption spectroscopy exhibited three different electronic transitions that take place within the 3d
5
shell of the octahedrally coordinated Fe
3+
ions for hematite materials. The optical (direct and indirect) band gaps estimated from the Tauc’s plot showed particle size dependence. From photoluminescence study the transitions of trapped electrons in various defect states of oxygen vacancies were observed which led to the appearance of nonradiative peaks. In the Raman spectra the significant bands of hematite (A
1g
and E
g
bands) were noted. From morphology study the hematite nanomaterials appear as clusters of large irregular shaped particles of various sizes. Formation of hematite nanomaterials as observed by XRD studies was supplemented by the SAED patterns obtained in the HRTEM study. Present study established that nano-sized pure hematite materials can be thermally synthesized at comparatively lower temperature on thermal decomposition of iron(III)citrate by varying the weight ratio of suitable co-precursors.
•We report a new chemical route to prepare single-layer bi-magnetic composite films.•We prepared a composite LaFeO3-CoFe2O4 film to demonstrate the synthesis technique.•The film is homogeneous and ...highly crystalline in nature with no impurity phases.•High coercivity value is found despite a large fraction of antiferromagnetic phase.•This new synthesis technique for composite films is low cost as well as scalable.
Bi-phasic composite films are generally grown as multilayers that result in layer-by-layer morphology with each layer having a distinct chemical composition. In this work, we report an all-in-one chemical synthesis technique combined with spin-coating to prepare single-layer bi-magnetic LaFeO3 (LFO)-CoFe2O4 (CFO) composite thin films with both phases co-existing in the same layer. The films have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the magnetic properties have been probed using dc magnetometry at room and low temperature. The unique synthesis technique followed ensures homogeneity of the two phases on the nanoscale with grain sizes ~10 nm for CFO and few tens of nm for LFO, as observed from TEM images. XRD confirms the presence of only the desired LFO and CFO phases in the films without any undesired secondary phases. Magnetic hysteresis loops reveal a coercivity of ~0.2 T at room temperature that increases by nearly one order of magnitude at T = 5 K. The all-in-one synthesis technique reported here can be used to prepare different bi-phasic composites in the form of single-layer two-dimensional films as well as zero-dimensional nanoparticles by a suitable modification of the precursors, solvents, and chelating agents.
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