Using conventional and unconventional oil and gas resource evaluation methods with play as a unit, this study evaluates the oil and gas geology and resource potential of conventional oil and gas ...resources and seven types of unconventional resources in the global major oil and gas basins (excluding China). For the first time, resource evaluation data with independent intellectual property rights has been obtained. According to evaluation and calculation, the global recoverable conventional oil resources are 5 350.0×108 t, the recoverable condensate oil resources are 496.2×108 t, and the recoverable natural gas resources are 588.4×1012 m3. The remaining oil and gas 2P recoverable reserves are 4 212.6×108 t, the reserve growth of oil and gas fields are 1 531.7×108 t. The undiscovered oil and gas recoverable resources are 3 065.5×108 t. The global unconventional oil recoverable resources are 4 209.4×108 t and the unconventional natural gas recoverable resources are 195.4×1012 m3. The evaluation results show that the global conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources are still abundant.
This paper evaluates the recoverable unconventional oil and gas resources around the world, reveals main controlling factors and potential regions for the rich accumulation of unconventional oil and ...gas, and standardizes the classification of seven types of resources (i.e., heavy oil, oil sand, tight oil, oil shale, shale gas, tight gas, and coalbed methane). By virtue of commercial databases for global petroliferous basins, together with single-well data packages in North America and basic data of exploration and development of Chinese companies in unconventional oil and gas resources blocks around the world, contour maps of abundance for global recoverable resources are formed through spatial graphic interpolation of key assessment parameters of seven types of unconventional oil and gas resources on the Geographic Information System (GIS) platform, which systematically evaluate the potential of seven types of unconventional oil and gas resources. The assessment reveals: (1) These seven types of resources around the world are distributed predominantly in 476 formations in 363 petroliferous basins. (2) Total recoverable unconventional oil and gas resources in the world are respectively 442.1 billion tons and 227 trillion cubic meters. (3) Unconventional oil and gas resources can be divided into “source-bound type” and “strata-bound type”. The “source-bound type” resources are mainly controlled by 6 groups of high-quality source rock around the world, among which, the tight oil and gas resources are featured by the “integration of reservoir and source”, presenting the best prospect for the development and application, and the “strata-bound type” oil sand and heavy oil resources, controlled by the transformation of the late structure, are mainly distributed in the slope belt of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins, presenting a good prospect for the resource development and application in the shallow layers. (4) Besides hot spots in North America, tight oil in the West Siberia Basin and the Neuquen Basin as well as heavy oil in the Arab Basin will become potential targets for the development of unconventional oil and gas resources in the future.
The intracranial vertebrobasilar artery system has a unique hemodynamic pattern (vessel trunk converged bilateral flow with three groups of perforators directly arising from it), is embedded within ...intense osseous constraints, and is located far from conventional donor vessels. Two major traditional modalities of posterior circulation revascularization encompass the superficial temporal artery to the superior cerebellar artery and the occipital artery to the posteroinferior cerebellar artery anastomosis, which are extracranial-intracranial low-flow bypass with donor arteries belonging to the anterior circulation and mainly supply focal perforators and distal vascular territories. As our understanding of flow hemodynamics has improved, the extracranial vertebral artery-related bypass has further evolved to improve the cerebral revascularization system. In this article, we propose the concept of "vascular reconstruction related to the extracranial vertebral artery" and review the design philosophy of the available innovative modalities in the respective segments. V1 transposition overcomes the issue of high rates of in-stent restenosis and provides a durable complementary alternative to endovascular treatment. V2 bypass serves as an extracranial communication pathway between the anterior and posterior circulation, providing the advantages of high-flow, short interposition grafts, orthograde flow in the vertebrobasilar system, and avoiding complex skull base manipulation. V3 bypass is characterized by profound and simultaneous vascular reconstruction of the posterior circulation, which is achieved by intracranial-intracranial or multiple bypasses in conjunction with skull base techniques. These posterior circulation vessels not only play a pivotal role in the bypass modalities designed for vertebrobasilar lesions but can also be implemented to revascularize the anterior circulation, thereby becoming a systematic methodology.
Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered key players in the formation and development of tumors. Herein, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) was employed as a ...bioinformatics technology. LINC02587 is differentially expressed in bladder urothelial cancer, glioblastoma, lung adenocarcinoma, lung SCC, melanoma, and other tumor tissue and cells. However, its impact on the emergence of glioma and its mechanism is remaining elusive. Methods Some of the in vitro assays employed in this study were the CCK-8 / Annexin-V / Transwell assays, colony formation, and wound healing, together with Western blot (WB) evaluation. MSP / BSP assays were employed for assessing the CpG island's methylation status in the LINC02587 promoter. Through transcriptome, ferroptosis-related experiments, and WB evaluation, it was confirmed that LINC02587 is correlated with the regulation of ferroptosis in tumor cells, and CoQ-Fsp1 is one of its regulatory pathways. Moreover, the underlined in-vitro results were further validated by in-vivo studies. Results The current study shows that the promoter sequence of LINC02587 is regulated by methylation. The silencing of LINC02587 can inhibit cellular proliferative, migrative, and invasive properties, and induce ferroptosis within gliomas through the CoQ-FSP1 pathway. Conclusions LINC02587 is likely to be a novel drug target in treating glioma. Keywords: Glioma, LncRNA, LINC02587, Methylation, Ferroptosis, RNA-seq, CoQ-FSP1
Surgical brain injury (SBI), induced by neurosurgical procedures or instruments, has not attracted adequate attention. The pathophysiological process of SBI remains sparse compared to that of other ...central nervous system diseases thus far. Therefore, novel and effective therapies for SBI are urgently needed. In this study, we found that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were present in the circulation and brain tissues of rats after SBI, which promoted neuroinflammation, cerebral edema, neuronal cell death, and aggravated neurological dysfunction. Inhibition of NETs formation by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor or disruption of NETs with deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) attenuated SBI-induced damages and improved the recovery of neurological function. We show that SBI triggered the activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING), and that inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway could be beneficial. It is worth noting that DNase I markedly suppressed the activation of cGAS-STING, which was reversed by the cGAS product cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGMP-AMP, cGAMP). Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of DNase I in SBI was also abolished by cGAMP. NETs may participate in the pathophysiological regulation of SBI by acting through the cGAS-STING pathway. We also found that high-dose vitamin C administration could effectively inhibit the formation of NETs post-SBI. Thus, targeting NETs may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for SBI treatment, and high-dose vitamin C intervention may be a promising translational therapy with an excellent safety profile and low cost.
Graphical Abstract
The schematic diagram shows the formation of NETs activated cGAS-STING pathway after SBI, leading to increased microglia activation, accompanied with elevation of inflammatory factors, which in turn aggravated brain injury.
Purpose To study the effect of STN-DBS on balance performance of Parkinson's disease. Method 16 idiopathic PD patients treated with bilateral STN-DBS (DBS Group) and 20 PD patients treated with ...Levodopa (Medicine group) were included in the study. Clinical material including Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose (LEDD, mg/day), life quality (PDQ-39) were collected. For DBS group and Medicine group, The motor disability (Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale â¢, MDS-UPDRSIII) and balance performance (MDS-UPDRS 3.12, Berg Balance Scale BBS) and the Limits of Stability (LoS) (target acquisition percentage, trunk swing angle standard deviation, time) in state of Med-Off/Med-On at preoperation, postoperation, 6 months postoperation and 12 months postoperation were evaluated. Repeated ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of STN-DBS on balance performance. Result The Clinical material (age, gender, duration, LEDD preoperation, PDQ39), motor disability (Med-on/Med-Off), balance performance (Med-on/Med-Off) and LoS preoperation had no differences in DBS-group and Medical-group (P>0.05). During the follow up, LEDD, PDQ39, Motor disability (MDS-UPDRSIII), balance performance (MDS-UPDRS 3.12, BBS) in Medicine-group had no significant changes in both Med-Off and Med-On. For DBS-group, immediately improvement of motor disability (MDS-UPDRSIII), LoS (target acquisition percentage, trunk swing angle standard deviation, time) and LEDD were observed postoperation (P<0.05); PDQ39, balance performance (MDS-UPDRS 3.12, BBS) began to improve at 6 months and 12 months postoperation. Repeated ANOVA showed that DBS could significantly improve the motor disability, balance performance and LoS in PD. Conclusion STN-DBS could improve the balance performance of PD patients in H&Y3.
Glioma is a lethal primary tumor of central nervous system. Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of necrotic cell death. Triggering ferroptosis has shown potential to eliminate aggressive tumors. ...GPX7, a member of glutathione peroxidase family (GPXs), has been described to participate in oxidative stress and tumorigenesis. However, the biological functions of GPX7 in glioma are still unknown.
Bioinformatics method was used to assess the prognostic role of GPX7 in glioma. CCK8, wound healing, transwell and cell apoptosis assays were performed to explore the functions of GPX7 in glioma cells.
experiment was also conducted to confirm
findings. Ferroptosis-related assays were carried out to investigate the association between GPX7 and ferroptosis in glioma.
GPX7 was aberrantly expressed in glioma and higher expression of GPX7 was correlated with adverse outcomes. GPX7 silencing enhanced ferroptosis-related oxidative stress in glioma cells and the loss of GXP7 sensitized glioma to ferroptosis induced by erastin. Furthermore, we found that miR-29b directly suppressed GPX7 expression post-transcriptionally. Reconstitution of miR-29b enhanced erastin sensitivity, partly
GPX7 suppression.
Our study clarified the prognostic role of GPX7 in glioma and preliminarily revealed the role of GPX7 in ferroptosis, which may be conducive to the exploration of therapeutic targets of glioma.
Exosomes are naturally present extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the surrounding body fluids upon the fusion of polycystic and plasma membranes. They facilitate intercellular communication ...by transporting DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, circular RNA, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They contribute to the onset and progression of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors. In addition, they can be used as biomarkers of tumor proliferation, migration, and blood vessel formation, thereby affecting the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). This paper reviews the recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of exosomes in various CNS tumors, the promise and challenges of exosomes as natural carriers of CNS tumors, and the therapeutic prospects of exosomes in CNS tumors. Furthermore, we hope this research can contribute to the development of more targeted and effective treatments for central nervous system tumors.
The Promising Value of Exosomes in Precision Medicine for CNS Tumors(By Figdraw) Display omitted
α‐l‐Fucosidase 1 (FUCA1), a lysosomal enzyme that catalyses the hydrolytic cleavage of the terminal fucose residue, has been reported to be involved in tumorigenesis. However, the clinical ...significance and biological roles of FUCA1 in glioma remain largely unknown. We analyzed FUCA1 expression according to data in Oncomine, The Cancer Genome Atlas, and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases and further verified FUCA1 expression with immunohistochemistry and real‐time PCR analysis in glioma tissues. The results showed that FUCA1 overexpression was significantly associated with high‐grade glioma as well as high mortality rates in the survival analysis. Data analyzed in cBioPortal showed that alterations in FUCA1 (1.4%) were correlated with worse survival in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Functional experiments showed that downregulation of FUCA1 suppressed glioma growth in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of FUCA1 had the opposite effects on glioma. Mechanistically, transient inhibition of FUCA1 promoted the formation of large acidic vacuoles, as revealed by staining with acridine orange, increased the ratio of LC3‐B/LC3‐A, and modified the expression of Beclin‐1 and Atg12, which are autophagic markers. Upregulation of FUCA1 attenuated starvation‐induced autophagy in glioma. In addition, lower levels of tumor‐infiltrating macrophages, including CD68+ (−30%), F4/80+ (−50%), and CD11c+ macrophages (−50%), were identified in FUCA1‐downregulated glioma tissues, and CCL2/CCL5 neutralizing Abs blocked this effect. These results show that FUCA1 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with glioma by enhancing autophagy and inhibiting macrophage infiltration.
α‐l‐Fucosidase 1 (FUCA1) silence against tumor development can be explained by the induction of autophagic cell death and the reduction in macrophage recruitment from circulation. We anticipate that FUCA1 can be used as a valuable target for glioma treatment and as a prognostic biomarker.
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