We report the analysis by performing the fitting on the experimental
p
T
spectra of heavy flavour hadrons, including prompt
D
0
,
D
s
+
, and
Λ
c
+
hadrons, in proton-proton collisions at
s
= 13 TeV ...at midrapidity (
|
y
|
<
0.5
), using the thermodynamically consistent Tsallis distribution function. The data for the fitting is taken from the ALICE experiment at LHC. The quality of the Tsallis fits with fixed
μ
=0 chemical potential has proved to be significantly better than those with fitted
μ
value. The extracted nonextensivity parameter
q
values for
D
0
and
D
s
+
mesons proved to be compatible with those obtained earlier for the charged pions and kaons in high-energy proton-proton collisions. The extracted q values for
Λ
c
+
baryons are found to be compatible with those obtained earlier for the protons and antiprotons in high-energy proton-proton collisions. We have confirmed the relation
q
(
m
e
s
o
n
s
)
>
q
(
b
a
r
y
o
n
s
)
for heavy flavor hadrons, obtained for light hadrons in high-energy pp collisions. The effective Tsallis temperature for the heavy flavor hadrons increases with multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at
s
= 13 TeV.
Pseudorapidity (
η
) and Transverse momentum (
p
T
) distributions of charged particles produced in proton-proton (pp) collisions at
√s
= 13 TeV are studied. Transverse momentum distributions of ...charged particles are considered in the Pseudorapidity region of |
η
| < 0.8 and in the transverse momentum range of 0 <
p
T
< 20 GeV/c. EPOS1.99, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII-04 models are used to perform simulations. In order to check the validity of simulations performed using these Monte-Carlo event generators, the results are compared to the measurements of ALICE experiment at the LHC CERN. For the
p
T
distribution, the EPOS1.99 and QGSJET underpredict the experimental data while the EPOS-LHC model reproduced the distribution very well. EPOS-LHC model describes the experimental data very well as compared to the other two models for the ratio of
p
T
spectra of charged particles at √
s
= 13 TeV to 7 TeV. EPOS-LHC also describes the pseudorapidity distribution very well while the EPOS 1.99 and QGSJETII-04 underpredict and overpredict the distribution respectively.
We report simulation studies of primary charged particles’ multiplicity distribution for hard events with
p
T
> 500 MeV in
pp
collisions at 13 TeV. The multiplicity dependence of pseudorapidity ...regions of
|
η
|
< 2.5 and
|
η
|
< 0.8 has been tested with
τ
> 300 and 30 pico seconds where
τ
is the meanlife time of the primary charged particles. The PYTHIA8 and EPOS-LHC Monte Carlo (MC) event generators are used for the current analysis. The MC predictions are compared to the ATLAS experimental data at LHC. It is observed that the EPOS-LHC event generator has a good description of the data for the mid pseudorapidity region of
|
η
|
< 0.8, while it deviates for the forward region. PYTHIA8 overestimates the data in the case of
η
distributions. The
p
T
spectra is well described by the EPOS-LHC models while the PYTHIA8 overestimates the data up to 25 % at the higher
p
T
region. EPOS-LHC model again has a better prediction than the PYTHIA8 in the case of
N
ch
distributions at different
η
and
τ
. Both the models predict better at
|
η
|
< 0.8 than the
|
η
|
< 2.5. It is seen that the average
p
T
grows with multiplicity and shows fluctuations at high
N
ch
values. While the EPOS-LHC model provides a good description for
|
η
|
< 0.8 whereas the PYTHIA8 better predicts at
|
η
|
< 2.5 over the entire
N
ch
range. The observed deviations are connected with the kinematics involved in the models. Furthermore, we have applied the Tsallis distribution to the
p
T
spectra of the charged particles and extracted the bulk properties regarding the effective temperature and kinetic freeze-out volume.
In this paper, we have studied differential production cross section of charmed
Λ
c
+
baryon as a function of
p
T
in
pp
and
p–
Pb collisions at
s
NN
=
5.02
TeV
in the transverse momentum range of
1
<
...p
T
<
12
GeV/c
and
1
<
p
T
<
24
GeV
/
c
, respectively. For this study, we compared PYTHIA 8 Monte Carlo simulations with the experimental results obtained by the ALICE Acharya et al. (Phys. Rev. C 104: 054905, 2021) and LHCb Aaij et al. (J. High Energ. Phys. 02: 102, 2019) collaborations. The transverse momentum spectra are plotted in the rapidity interval of
y
<
0.5
for pp collisions, while in
-
0.96
<
y
<
0.04
mid
,
1.5
<
y
<
4
and
2.5
<
y
<
4
(forward) and
-
4
<
y
<
-
2.5
(backward) rapidity intervals for
p–
Pb collisions by using PYTHIA 8 Monash tune and CR tunes (modes 0, 2 and 3). Baryon-to-meson ratios
Λ
c
+
/
D
0
as a function of
p
T
and rapidity are shown. The nuclear modification factor
R
p
Pb
for
Λ
c
+
at mid-rapidity calculated from the cross sections in
pp
and
p–
Pb collisions is also presented. Both the magnitude and trend of distributions of
Λ
c
+
and
Λ
c
+
/
D
0
ratios verses
p
T
as experimentally observed are well explained by PYTHIA 8 tunes that implement color reconnection beyond leading-color approximations.
Non-radiative transitions in nuclear capture reactions between light nuclei play a relevant role in stellar nuclear astrophysics, where nuclear processes occur at typical energies from tens to ...hundreds of keV. At higher energies, instead, the E0 contributions may be shadowed by more intense transitions. The experimental study of E0 transitions requires a specific detection setup, able to uniquely identify events where an electron-positron pair is produced. A compact
ΔE
-
E
charged-particle spectrometer based on two silicon detectors has been designed to be installed in the jet gas target chamber of the recoil mass separator ERNA (European Recoil separator for Nuclear Astrophysics) at the CIRCE laboratory of Caserta, Italy. The detector design, its performances and the first foreseen applications are described.
A 2-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of applied zinc（Zn） on the seed yield of pea（Pisum sativum L.） and to determine the internal Zn requirement of pea with emphasis on the ...seed and leaves as index tissues.The experiment was carried out at two different locations（Talagang,Chakwal district and National Agricultural Research Centre（NARC）,Islamabad） in the Potohar Plateau,Pakistan by growing three pea cultivars（Green feast,Climax,and Meteor）.The soils were fertilized with 0,2,4,8,and 16 kg Zn ha^-1 along with recommended basal fertilization of nitrogen（N）,phosphorus（P）,potassium（K）,and boron（B）.Zinc application increased seed yield significantly for all the three cultivars.Maximum increase in the pea seed yield（2-year mean） was21%and 15%for Green feast,28%and 21%for Climax,and 34%and 26%for Meteor at Talagang and NARC,respectively.In all cultivars,Zn concentrations in leaves and seed increased to varying extents as a result of Zn application.Fertiliser Zn requirement for near-maximum seed yield varied from 3.2 to 5.3 kg ha^-1 for different cultivars.Zinc concentrations of leaves and seeds appeared to be a good indicator of soil Zn availability.The critical Zn concentration range sufficient for 95%maximum yield（internal Zn requirement）was 42-53 mg kg^-1 in the pea leaves and 45-60 mg kg^-1 in the seeds of the three pea cultivars studied.
Understanding the past-year prevalence of male-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) and risk factors is essential for building evidence-based prevention and monitoring progress to Sustainable ...Development Goal (SDG) 5.2, but so far, population-based research on this remains very limited. The objective of this study is to compare the population prevalence rates of past-year male-perpetrated IPV and nonpartner rape from women's and men's reports across 4 countries in Asia and the Pacific. A further objective is to describe the risk factors associated with women's experience of past-year physical or sexual IPV from women's reports and factors driving women's past-year experience of partner violence.
This paper presents findings from the United Nations Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific. In the course of this study, in population-based cross-sectional surveys, 5,206 men and 3,106 women aged 18-49 years were interviewed from 4 countries: Cambodia, China, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and Sri Lanka. To measure risk factors, we use logistic regression and structural equation modelling to show pathways and mediators. The analysis was not based on a written plan, and following a reviewer's comments, some material was moved to supplementary files and the regression was performed without variable elimination. Men reported more lifetime perpetration of IPV (physical or sexual IPV range 32.5%-80%) than women did experience (physical or sexual IPV range 27.5%-67.4%), but women's reports of past-year experience (physical or sexual IPV range 8.2%-32.1%) were not very clearly different from men's (physical or sexual IPV range 10.1%-34.0%). Women reported much more emotional/economic abuse (past-year ranges 1.4%-5.7% for men and 4.1%-27.7% for women). Reports of nonpartner rape were similar for men (range 0.8%-1.9% in the past year) and women (range 0.4%-2.3% in past year), except in Bougainville, where they were higher for men (11.7% versus 5.7%). The risk factor modelling shows 4 groups of variables to be important in experience of past-year sexual and/or physical IPV: (1) poverty, (2) all childhood trauma, (3) quarrelling and women's limited control in relationships, and (4) partner factors (substance abuse, unemployment, and infidelity). The population attributable fraction (PAF) was largest for quarrelling often, but the second greatest PAF was for the group related to exposure to violence in childhood. The relationship control variable group had the third highest PAF, followed by other partner factors. Currently married women were also more at risk. In the structural model, a resilience pathway showed less poverty, higher education, and more gender-equitable ideas were connected and conveyed protection from IPV. These are all amenable risk factors. This research was cross-sectional, so we cannot be sure of the temporal sequence of exposure, but the outcome being a past-year measure to some extent mitigates this problem.
Past-year IPV indicators based on women's reported experience that were developed to track SDG 5 are probably reasonably reliable but will not always give the same prevalence as may be reported by men. Report validity requires further research. Interviews with men to track past-year nonpartner rape perpetration are feasible and important. The findings suggest a range of factors are associated with past-year physical and/or sexual IPV exposure; of particular interest is the resilience pathway suggested by the structural model, which is highly amenable to intervention and explains why combining economic empowerment of women and gender empowerment/relationship skills training has been successful. This study provides additional rationale for scaling up violence prevention interventions that combine economic and gender empowerment/relationship skills building of women, as well as the value of investing in girls' education with a view to long-term violence reduction.
Rare earth(III) β-diketonates are highly remarkable luminophores in the visible spectral region among the rare earth compounds, owing to the efficient contribution from the 4f–4f ...intraconfigurational transitions. To get detailed structural insight into the RE3+ sites (RE = Eu, Gd, and Sm), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) can be very potent in probing the local chemical environment around the RE3+ ion. In this work, a PyFitIt machine learning approach was employed as a new strategy to simulate the Eu, Gd, and Sm L3-edge XANES and thereby determine the local atomic structure of the luminescence RE3+ β-diketonate complexes, Eu(tta)3(H2O)2, C4mimEu(dbm)4, Gd(tta)3(H2O)2, and Sm(dbm)3(phen) (tta, 3-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate; dbm, dibenzoylmethane; phen, phenanthroline; and C4mim, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide). Continuous Cauchy wavelet transform validated the PyFitIt calculated XANES by visualizing very efficiently the coordination geometries, composed of O and O/N backscatterers around the RE3+ (RE = Eu and Gd) and Sm3+ ions, respectively, as a pinkish-red color map in the two-dimensional images of the corresponding complexes. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure fit in Artemis also corroborated the three-dimensional structures generated by PyFitIt XANES simulation for all the compounds. Though, relatively slightly higher bond distance values for the Sm3+ complex are due to the higher atomic radius of the Sm3+ ion when compared to the Eu3+ and Gd3+ complexes. Meanwhile, higher Debye–Waller factor (σ2) values for the C4mimEu(dbm)4 when compared to the Eu(tta)3(H2O)2 indicated the structure disorder, owing to the distortion in the local geometry. It is noteworthy that the optical properties, described mainly by the Ωλ (λ = 2 and 4) 4f–4f intensity parameters, are very sensitive to the local coordination environment around the Eu3+ ion. Thus, a close agreement between the experimental and theoretically calculated Ωλ parameter values confirmed that the PyFitIt calculated square antiprismatic structures are precisely similar to the real structures of the Eu3+ complexes.
Quantum mechanical effects such as an increased bandgap of semiconductors with reduction of size are viewed as having strong potential for future applications. In the present work, zinc oxide (ZnO) ...nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via the co-precipitate method. Very narrow particle size distribution of the ZnO nanoparticles was achieved through careful control of the synthesis conditions. The structural, morphological, and optical characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and UV–vis reflectance techniques, respectively. The results indicated that increasing the temperature from 60 to 65
°C caused a subsequent increase in particle size from ∼4 to 12
nm. An associated increase in bandgap with decrease in particle size was also noticed which is a strong indication of the quantum confinement effect.
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