The first objective was to determine if dual-curing of self-adhesive resin cement (SAC) with reduced light through zirconia could affect interfacial adaptation of restoration. The second objective ...was to investigate whether pretreatment methods for universal adhesive affected interfacial adaptation.
Class-I cavities were prepared on extracted human third molars. Zirconia restorations were fabricated using Katana UTML (Kuraray). The teeth were divided into three experimental groups: Groups I, II, and III in which the restoration thicknesses were 1, 2, and 3mm. Each group had three subgroups according to different pretreatment methods. For subgroup 1, no pretreatment was done on the prepared cavity. Zirconia restoration was cemented with SAC (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE). For subgroup 2, universal adhesive (Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE) was applied and light-cured before cement placement. Then, zirconia restoration was cemented with the same SAC. For subgroup 3, universal adhesive was applied, however, light-curing was done after the cement and zirconia restoration placement. For the self-cure group, a zirconia restoration of 3mm depth was cemented with the same SAC by the self-curing method. After thermo-cycling, interfacial adaptation at restoration-tooth interface was investigated using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) imaging.
Interfacial adaptation was different depending on the zirconia thickness and activation mode (p<0.05).
Interfacial adaptation of zirconia restorations can be different depending on the material thickness, pretreatment, and activation mode. Lower curing-light intensity may lead to inferior adaptation of the zirconia restoration with self-adhesive resin cement.
To estimate absolute protein contents in complex mixtures, we previously defined a protein abundance index (PAI) as the number of observed peptides divided by the number of observable peptides per ...protein (Rappsilber, J., Ryder, U., Lamond, A. I., and Mann, M. (2002) Large-scale proteomic analysis of the human spliceosome. Genome. Res. 12, 1231-1245). Here we report that PAI values obtained at different concentrations of serum albumin show a linear relationship with the logarithm of protein concentration in LC-MS/MS experiments. This was also the case for 46 proteins in a mouse whole cell lysate. For absolute quantitation, PAI was converted to exponentially modified PAI (emPAI), equal to 10PAI minus one, which is proportional to protein content in a protein mixture. For the 46 proteins in the whole lysate, the deviation percentages of the emPAI-based abundances from the actual values were within 63% on average, similar or better than determination of abundance by protein staining. emPAI was applied to comprehensive protein expression analysis and to a comparison study between gene and protein expression in a human cancer cell line, HCT116. The values of emPAI are easily calculated and add important quantitation information to proteomic experiments; therefore we suggest that they should be reported in large scale proteomic identification projects.
The organization of cells and tissues is controlled by the action of 'form-giving' signalling molecules, or morphogens, which pattern a developmental field in a concentration-dependent manner. As the ...fate of each cell in the field depends on the level of the morphogen signal, the concentration gradient of the morphogen prefigures the pattern of development. In recent years, molecular genetic studies in Drosophila melanogaster have allowed tremendous progress in understanding how morphogen gradients are formed and maintained, and the mechanism by which receiving cells respond to the gradient.
Hypsizigus marmoreus was cultivated in potato-sucrose-agar (PSA) and in sawdust media supplemented with Ca or Mg salts. The radial growth of mycelia was determined. The mushroom spawn did not grow on ...PSA supplemented with Ca carbonate, Mg carbonate, or Mg hydroxide. However, the mycelia grew well on sawdust media supplemented with Ca phosphate, Ca carbonate, or Mg sulfate. Ca of the fruiting body was increased 4.0 to 5.6 times by 1% to 5% of Ca phosphate or Ca carbonate. Mg was increased 1.4 times by 0.5% of Mg sulfate or Mg chloride.
Mutations in the CD40 ligand (CD40L) gene (
) lead to X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (X-HIGM), which is a primary immunodeficiency (PID) characterized by decreased serum levels of IgG and IgA and normal ...or elevated IgM levels. Although most X-HIGM patients become symptomatic during the first or second year of life, during which they exhibit recurrent infections, some patients exhibit mild phenotypes, which are usually associated with hypomorphic mutations that do not abrogate protein expression or function. Here, we describe a 28-year-old man who initially presented with recurrent infections since the age of 7 years, when he exhibited meningitis caused by
. The patient had no family history of immunodeficiency, and based on clinical and laboratory presentation, he was initially diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). In subsequent years, he displayed several sporadic episodes of infection, including pneumonia, pharyngotonsillitis, acute otitis media, rhinosinusitis, fungal dermatosis, and intestinal helminthiasis. The evaluation of CD40L expression on the surface of activated CD3
CD4
T cells from the patient showed decreased expression of CD40L. Genetic analysis revealed a novel
mutation consisting of a 6-nucleotide insertion in exon 1 of
, which confirmed the diagnosis of X-HIGM. In this report, we describe a novel mutation in the CD40L gene and highlight the complexities of PID diagnosis in light of atypical phenotypes and hypomorphic mutations as well as the importance of the differential diagnosis of PIDs.
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) participate in the development of nearly all organs and tissues. BMP signaling is mediated by specific Smad proteins, Smad1 and/or Smad5, which undergo serine ...phosphorylation in response to BMP-receptor activation and are then translocated to the nucleus where they modulate transcription of target genes. We have identified a distantly related member of the Xenopus Smad family, Smad8, which lacks the C-terminal SSXS phosphorylation motif present in other Smads, and which appears to function in the BMP signaling pathway. During embryonic development, the spatial pattern of expression of Smad8 mirrors that of BMP-4. We show that an intact BMP signaling pathway is required for its expression. Overexpression of Smad8 in Xenopus embryos phenocopies the effect of blocking BMP-4 signaling, leading to induction of a secondary axis on the ventral side of intact embryos and to direct neural induction in ectodermal explants. Furthermore, Smad8 can block BMP-4-mediated induction of ventral mesoderm-specific gene expression in ectodermal explants. Overexpression of Smad8 within dorsal cells, however, causes patterning defects that are distinct from those reported in BMP-4-deficient embryos, suggesting that Smad8 may interact with additional signaling pathways. Indeed, overexpression of Smad8 blocks expression of Xbra in whole animals, and partially blocks activin signaling in animal caps. In addition, Smad8 inhibits involution of mesodermal cells during gastrulation, a phenotype that is not observed following blockade of activin or BMPs in Xenopus. Together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that Smad8 participates in a negative feedback loop in which BMP signaling induces the expression of Smad8, which then functions to negatively modulate the amplitude or duration of signaling downstream of BMPs and, possibly, downstream of other transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family ligands.
Our objective was to evaluate in healthy subjects the left ventricular (LV) wall motion velocities along the long and short axes by means of pulsed tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) to clarify the ...differences in the LV systolic and diastolic function between both axes. Wall motion velocities were recorded at the mid-wall portion of the middle site of the LV posterior wall in the parasternal long-axis view, and at the subendocardial portion of the middle site of the LV posterior wall in the apical long-axis view by pulsed TDI in 35 healthy subjects (mean age 26 +/- 10 years, mean heart rate 72 +/- 7 bpm). In all subjects, the LV pressure curve, its first derivative (dP/dt), the LV wall motion velocity, the phonocardiogram, and the electrocardiogram were simultaneously recorded. The systolic wave of the LV posterior wall motion velocity exhibited 2 peaks: the first and second systolic waves (Swl and Sw2, respectively). The diastolic wave also exhibited 2 peaks, the early diastolic and atrial systolic waves. The Swl along the long axis was greater than either the Sw1 and Sw2 along the short axis or the Sw2 along the long axis. The peak Sw1 along the long axis coincided with the peak dP/dt and was slightly earlier than the peak Swl along the short axis. The onset of Sw1 along the long axis coincided with the onset of the first heart sound. The Sw2 along the short axis was greater than that along the long axis. The early diastolic wave along the short axis was greater than that along the long axis, whereas the atrial systolic wave along the long axis was greater than that along the short axis. Thus, in healthy subjects, shortening of the longitudinal fibers predominated over that of the circumferential fibers during early systole, whereas shortening of the circumferential fibers predominated over the longitudinal fibers during the ejection phase. During diastole, the circumferential fibers predominated in the LV wall expansion at early diastole, whereas the longitudinal fibers predominated at atrial systole. In conclusion, pulsed TDI provided information that is useful in understanding the characteristics of LV wall motion along the long and short axes.
We evaluated global left ventricular (LV) systolic function from mitral annular systolic motion velocities measured by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging in patients with previous myocardial infarction ...(MI) and LV regional wall motion abnormalities. The subject group consisted of 45 patients with wall asynergies, 3 with ischemic cardiomyopathy, 8 with dilated cardiomyopathy, and 15 healthy control subjects. The peak systolic descent velocity (Sw) and the time from the electrocardiographic Q wave to the peak of the systolic wave (Q-Sw) were measured at 6 mitral annular sites obtained from 2-dimensional apical long-axis, 4-chamber, and 2-chamber echocardiograms; these variables were compared with the LV ejection fraction (EF) calculated from the left ventriculogram. The mean Sw at the sites corresponding to the infarct regions was significantly lower and the mean Q-Sw was significantly longer in the MI groups than in the control group. The mean Sw and Q-Sw at all 6 sites in the ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy groups were significantly lower and longer, respectively, than those of the control group. There were significant correlations between the EF and the means of the Sw and Q-Sw values at the sites corresponding to the infarct regions in the MI groups. In the ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy groups, significant correlations existed between the EF and the means of the Sw and Q-Sw values at all 6 sites. Thus the parameters obtained from mitral annular systolic motion velocities with pulsed tissue Doppler imaging reflect LV asynergy corresponding to the infarct regions in patients with MI, and global LV systolic function may be evaluated with these parameters.
PDF
