Induction, transfer and specificity of contact photosensitivity to 3, 3′, 4′, 5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA) were studied in mice. Mice were sensitized by 2daily abdominal paintings with 1% TCSA ...plus irradiations with “black lights.” The degree of hypersensitivity was assayed by measuring the increment of ear thickness 24hr after challenge with 0.1% TCSA plus irradiation with black lights. Long ultraviolet (320–400nm) but not erythrogenic (280–320nm) radiation was required for induction and elicitation of the response. The 24-hr ear reaction was not detectable on day 3, peaked on days 5 to 7, and waned thereafter. The histologic picture of a swollen ear at the peak of the reaction showed dense infiltration of mononuclear cells intermingled with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the dermis. Treatment of immune lymph node cells with anti-Thy-1.2 antiserum and complement abrogated the ability of these cells to transfer the sensitivity to naive recipients. The successful transfer required the identity of the left half of the major histocompatibility complex between the donor of immune lymph node cells and the recipient. T cells concerned with the photosensitivity did not seem to mediate contact sensitivity to TCSA since dichotomy of the reactivity occurred among photosensitized mice on day 7, one group showing contact sensitivity in addition to the photosensitive reaction while the other being photosensitive alone. The photosensitivity was highly specific for TCSA as immune mice neither photocross-reacted nor cross-reacted with 3′,4′,5-trichlorosalicylanilide, 3,4′,5-tribromosalicylanilide, or bithionol. These results provide a definite proof that contact photosensitivity in mice to TCSA is a highly specific, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction which is effected by distinct T cell subset(s) under genetic restrictions of the major histocompatibility complex. Furthermore, this simple and reliable method to induce delayed-type photosensitive reactions in mice will be a useful strategy for rapid screening of contact photoallergens.
Background Although carotid artery stenting (CAS) has been proposed as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy in cerebral revascularization, restenosis remains an unsolved issue. Cilostazol is a ...unique antiplatelet drug that has vasodilatory effects and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation. We investigated whether cilostazol reduces restenosis after CAS. Methods A database of 113 consecutive CAS procedures between April 2002 and December 2007 was assessed retrospectively. All patients received aspirin (100 mg/d) and another antiplatelet drug such as cilostazol (200 mg/d), ticlopidine (200 mg/d), or clopidogrel (75 mg/d) at least 3 days before CAS. Two antiplatelet drugs were continued for 2 to 3 months after CAS and reduced to one thereafter. Patients were evaluated at 3 and 6 months and at 6-month intervals thereafter with duplex ultrasound (DUS) imaging. Angiography was used for confirmation when stenosis was suspected as >50% with DUS imaging. Results We were able to monitor 97 patients for a 12-month period. The overall combined rate of stroke, myocardial infarction, and death was 3.1% at 30 days and 4.1% at 1 year. In-stent recurrent stenosis was documented in 11 patients (11%); in 10 patients (9.7%), this occurred ≤12 months of CAS. In-stent restenosis was significantly reduced in the cilostazol (+) group (0% vs 15.7% 11 of 70, P = .03). Patient characteristics were similar between the cilostazol (+) and cilostazol (–) groups. Conclusions Although this study was retrospective and nonrandomized, the results suggest that cilostazol administration improves long-term patency after CAS due to its inhibitory effect on smooth muscle cell growth.
A quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet
Cs
2
CuBr
4
is characterized as a frustrated spin system on a distorted triangular lattice.
133Cs-NMR experiments on
Cs
2
CuBr
4
have been performed in the ...range of the magnetic field applied along
b-axis up to 15.9
T, which covers the field range for the
1
3
magnetization plateau. Field dependence of
T
1
-
1
at 0.5
K shows a hysteresis around each end of the plateau, indicating a field induced first order phase transition. We also present NMR spectrum indicating hysteresis and two phase coexistence around the transition field.
A quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet Cs2CuBr4 is characterized as a frustrated spin system on a distorted triangular lattice. 133Cs-NMR experiments on Cs2CuBr4 have been performed in the range of ...the magnetic field applied along b-axis up to 15.9T, which covers the field range for the magnetization plateau. Field dependence of at 0.5K shows a hysteresis around each end of the plateau, indicating a field induced first order phase transition. We also present NMR spectrum indicating hysteresis and two phase coexistence around the transition field.
A new middle‐atmosphere general circulation model (GCM) that includes the photochemistry for Ox‐HOx‐NOx‐ClOx‐SOx species has been developed. The dynamical, radiative, and chemical processes of the ...model are fully interactive. The model is based on the Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for Environmental Studies atmospheric GCM (CCSR/NIES AGCM). The chemical process predicts the concentration of 37 chemically reactive gases and includes 26 photolysis and 71 homogeneous reactions. It also includes four heterogeneous reactions on the surface of sulfate aerosols. Gaseous sulfuric acid is produced by the photolysis of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and SO2 oxidation, and saturated sulfuric acid is condensed into aerosols. The aerosol size distribution is assumed to be unimodal and lognormal, and the aerosol composition is assumed to be 75% sulfuric acid droplets. The model considers washout, surface deposition, and sedimentation of sulfate aerosols. The parameterized updraft and downdraft of tracers by deep convection is also taken into consideration. In order to investigate the chemical effect of nonvolcanic sulfate aerosols, an 8‐year integration has been done. A net flux of gaseous sulfate precursors from the troposphere to the stratosphere is estimated to be 0.067 TgS/yr. The transport of SO2 from the troposphere to the stratosphere contributes about 48% of the net flux.
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