With the spread of the 5th generation mobile phone, the increase of the output power of PA (power amplifier) has become important, and in recent years, differential amplifiers that can increase the ...output voltage amplitude for the power supply voltage have been examined from the viewpoint of power synthesis. In the case of a differential PA, in addition to the advantage of voltage amplitude, the load impedance can be set 4 times as much as that of a single-ended PA, which makes it possible to reduce the impact of parasitic resistance. With the study of the differential PA, many transformer matching circuits have been studied in addition to the LC matching circuits that have been widely used in the past. The transformer matching circuit can easily realize the differential-single conversion, and the transformer matching circuit is an indispensable technology in the differential PA. As with the LC matching circuit, widening the bandwidth of the transformer matching circuit is at issue. In this paper, characteristics of basic transformer matching circuits are analyzed by adding input/output shunt capacitance to transformers and the conditions of bandwidth improvement are clarified. In addition, by comparing the FBW (fractional bandwidth) with the LC 2-stage matching circuit, it is shown that the FBW can be competitive.
When confirming the ACLR (adjacent channel leakage power ratio), which are representative indicators of distortion in the design of PA (power amplifier), it is well known how to calculate the ...AM-AM/PM characteristics of PA, input time series data of modulated signals, and analyze the output by Fourier analysis. In 5G (5th generation) mobile phones, not only QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) modulation but also 16QAM (quadrature modulation), 64QAM, and 256QAM are becoming more multivalued as modulation signals. In addition, the modulation band may exceed 100MHz, and the amount of time series data increases, and the increase in calculation time becomes a problem. In order to shorten the calculation time, calculating the total amount of distortion generated by PA from the probability density of the modulation signal and the AM (amplitude modulation)-AM/PM (phase modulation) characteristics of PA is considered. For the AM-AM characteristics of PA, in this paper, IMD3 (inter modulation distortion 3) obtained from probability density and IMD3 by Fourier analysis, which are often used so long, are compared. As a result, it was confirmed that the result of probability density analysis is similar to that of Fourier analysis, when the nonlinearity is somewhat small. In addition, the agreement between the proposed method and the conventional method was confirmed with an error of about 2.0dB of ACLR using the modulation waves with a bandwidth of 5MHz, RB (resource block) being 25, and QPSK modulation.
As a mobile phone progresses with the third, fourth, and fifth generations, the frequency bands used in mobile phones are increasing dramatically. RF components for mobile phone terminals correspond ...to this increasing frequency band. In the case of power amplifier (PA), which is one of the RF components, it is necessary to correspond many frequency bands in one PA. In this case, the wideband of the matching circuit is a typical one of the technical problems of PA. In this study, we focus on two-stage and three-stage connections of LC ladder matching circuits widely applied in PA, and compare them from the viewpoint of broadband. In order to efficiently analyze multi-stage LC-matching circuits, the following two new methods were devised. First, we derived the analysis formula of LC and CL-matching circuits when the termination impedance was extended to a complex number. Second, we derived a condition in which the frequency derivative of the input impedance is zero.
Since 2020, the service of the 5th generation (5G) mobile phone has been started. In order to increase the transmission speed in 5G mobile phones, the multi-level of the modulated signal is advanced, ...and for that, the power amplifier (PA) high linearity is required even at low output power. In accordance with this, the review of the linearization technology of a PA has become important. As a performance index of the distortion of the PA, the output power dependence of the gain and phase, the AM (Amplitude Modulation)-AM/PM (Phase Modulation) characteristic is well known. There has been a lot of consideration for the AM-AM/PM characteristics of PA. The AM-AM/PM characteristics are affected by both source and load impedances. In this paper, a single-stage HBT (Hetero-junction Bipolar Transistor) PA is described by a simple linear equivalent circuit with multiple parameter sets. Each parameter set is defined according to the PA output power level. With this simple model, we investigated the change of AM-AM/PM characteristics when the reactance parts of source and load impedances was changed. It has become clear that change in the AM-AM/PM characteristics of the PA when the parameters were changed was mainly due to the change in the AM-AM/PM characteristics at the base node.
Matching circuits using LC elements are widely applied to high-frequency circuits such as power amplifier (PA) and low-noise amplifier (LNA). For determining matching condition of multi-stage ...matching circuits, this paper shows that any multi-stage LC-Ladder matching circuit with resistive termination can be decomposed to the extended L-type matching circuits with resistive termination containing negative elements where the analytical solution exists. The matching conditions of each extended L-type matching circuit are obtained easily from the termination resistances and the design frequency. By synthesizing these simple analysis solutions, it is possible to systematically determine the solution even in a large number of stages (high order) matching circuits.
Research integrity programs have become a familiar part of the research practice, as it has become a requirement for competitive funding applications. There are also many research integrity materials ...available that are useful in conducting biomedical research. On the other hand, we have continuous cases of research misconduct. Considering that research misconduct has no value for researchers who are motivated to expand human knowledge and develop new therapeutic approaches, a certain kind of research environment might distort such motivation. The changes in research assessment brought about by a competitive research climate and the problems inherent in life science research could induce research misconduct. The scientific norms proposed by a sociologist, Merton (communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism) is an important philosophy to reacknowledge good research practice. It is crucial for researchers, who are expected to contribute to society as professionals, to have Mertonian norms in order to gain the trust of society.
The two-point boundary value problem for the one-dimensional Liouville type equation{u″+λ|x|leu=0,x∈(−1,1),u(−1)=u(1)=0 is considered, where λ>0 and l>0. In this paper, a symmetry-breaking result is ...obtained by using the Morse index. The problem{u″+λ|x|l(u+1)p=0,x∈(−1,1),u(−1)=u(1)=0 is also considered, where λ>0, l>0, p>1 and (p−1)l>4.
In mobile phone systems, the 4th generation is widely prevailing in 2017, and in 2020, it is expected that the 5th generation (5G) will start to prevail. In both generations, a linear power amplifier ...(PA) is used. In case of 4G, in addition, such as the envelope tracking (ET) and the digital predistortion (DPD) systems are applied to improve efficiency and linearity. In case of 5G, because of wider modulation band width and parallel operation under the multiple-input and multiple output (MIMO) mode, it might be difficult to apply all systems as those of 4G. Therefore linear PA for 5G will require higher performance with standalone operation. The linear amplifier, in spite of its name, operates non-linearly. In this paper, the non-linear operations of the linear amplifier and their effects on the linearity characteristics are reviewed. After that, impacts of non-linear elements of a hetero junction bipolar transistor (HBT), by analyzing single stage amplifier, are stated. In addition, major PA architectures including ET and DPD systems are reviewed.
In transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS), electric current is applied via two large electrodes to modulate brain activity. Computational models have shown that large electrodes produce ...diffuse electric fields (EFs) in the brain, which depends on individual head and brain anatomy. Recently, smaller electrodes as well as novel electrode arrangements, including high-definition TDCS (HD-TDCS) montages, have been introduced to improve the focality of EFs. Here, we investigated whether the EFs of focal montages are more susceptible to interindividual anatomical differences.
Thirteen TDCS montages, including conventional M1-contralateral forehead montages with different stimulating electrode sizes as well as 4 × 1 HD and bipolar HD montages, producing varying EF focalities were modeled using the finite element method in 77 subjects, with individual anatomically realistic models based on magnetic resonance images.
Interindividual variability of predicted EFs increased with EF focality for conventional M1-contralateral forehead and 4 × 1 HD montages. 4 × 1 HD-TDCS was found to have the highest EF focality and greatest variability. Bipolar HD montages targeting the region between two small electrodes did not follow this pattern, but produced EF magnitudes comparable to those of 4× 1 HD-TDCS, with a minor decrease in focality and lower interindividual variability.
EF focality in TDCS was achieved at the cost of increased interindividual variability. Hence, individual modeling is required to plan EF doses when focal montages are used. Among the studied montages, bipolar HD montages provided a compromise between inter-individual variability, focality and magnitude of the predicted EFs.
•TDCS focality increases carry a cost of increased interindividual variability.•More focal electric fields tend to have higher magnitudes with M1-SO TDCS.•Bipolar HD montages provide good control of electric fields.
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