The addition of 0; 5; 10 and 15% cassava bagasse, based on the dry matter of the total diet of crossbred Holstein v. Zebu cows, was evaluated on milk production and composition and on the impacts of ...diet costs. The animals, weighing an average of 478.5 kg, were in the middle third lactation period. Diet with 15% cassava bagasse provided a 13.2% increase in production when compared to control. Feed conversion had a quadratic effect with minimum point at 4.2% of cassava bagasse inclusion. Crude protein, the only milk component that changed, increased linearly with the inclusion of cassava bagasse levels. Treatment with 15% cassava bagasse caused a more effective operational cost (42.8% higher when compared to control) and the highest leveling point for milk production and price. The lowest leveling points were treatments with 5 and 10% inclusion of cassava bagasse, which had the best economic results. Concentrates caused cost increase, particularly when roughage : concentrate ratio decreased due to higher cassava bagasse inclusion levels.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen on deferred pastures of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, and the implications on the economic viability of ...production of Nellore heifers. This was a completely randomized design with four treatments (T1 = deferred pasture without nitrogen fertilization; T2 = deferred pasture fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1, T3 = deferred pasture with 100 kg N ha-1, T4 = deferred pasture with 150 kg N ha-1) and four replications (16 fertilized paddocks). First, there were used 48 Nellore heifers, average eight months of age and initial body weight of 178.69 ± 26.67 kg, with three heifers in each paddock, in all treatments, in a continuous grazing system, with variable stocking rate. Only the treatment the without nitrogen fertilization showed negative monetary values of R$ -181.96, R$ ha-1 -72.79 and R$ @-1 -32.11. The treatment with 50 kg N ha-1 achieved the highest positive monetary values of R$ 756.02, R$ ha-1 302.40 and R$ @-1 50.52. Economic viability data in beef heifer production demonstrate that the treatment with 50 kg N ha-1 is the most financially viable under the conditions of this study.
Voluntary intake and performance of dairy heifers grazing on Urochloa decumbens pastures with two deferral periods are evaluated. The totally randomized experimental design consisted of two ...treatments and seven replications, with two deferral periods: T1 = 95 and T2 = 140 days. Fourteen Holstein-Zebu heifers, average body weight (BW) 300 kg, were used. Intake of forage dry matter was 2.5% and 1.2 BW respectively for treatments 95 and 140 days. In treatment T2 the animals had an intake of only 139.5 g of CP, due to low nutrient content, or rather, 3.4% of CP in the forage available. There was an intake of NDF of 1.7% and 1.0 of BW for T1 and T2, respectively. The average daily weight gain was 785.8 g day-1 for T1 and average weight loss of -31.1 g day-1 for T2. Deferral of pastures Urochloa decumbens for 95 days to allow a 1.5 lodging index provides greater consumption and performance of dairy heifers. Deferral of Urochloa decumbens pastures to allow a 1.5 lodging index provides greater intake and performance of dairy heifers.
The behavior of crossbreed cows, milked in the presence or absence of their calves, was analyzed. The trial was conducted on the Dairy Cattle Sector of UESB School of Animal Science in Itapetinga BA ...Brazil. Twenty crossbreedHolsteinx Gir cows were distributed in a randomized block design with 10 replications for each treatment for the experimental period of 31 days, during lactation. Results were analyzed by nonparametric chi-square test at 5% significance, except the variables time at the milking sector and milk production which were evaluated by analysis of variance and F test at 5% probability. Although cows with the presence of calves during milking had higher reactivity, behavioral activities and more time in the milking sector, milk production was not affected.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen on deferred pastures of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, and the implications on the economic viability of ...production of Nellore heifers. This was a completely randomized design with four treatments (T1 = deferred pasture without nitrogen fertilization; T2 = deferred pasture fertilized with 50 kg N ha.sub.-1, T3 = deferred pasture with 100 kg N ha.sub.-1, T4 = deferred pasture with 150 kg N ha.sub.-1) and four replications (16 fertilized paddocks). First, there were used 48 Nellore heifers, average eight months of age and initial body weight of 178.69 + or - 26.67 kg, with three heifers in each paddock, in all treatments, in a continuous grazing system, with variable stocking rate. Only the treatment the without nitrogen fertilization showed negative monetary values of R$ - 181.96, R$ ha.sub.-1 -72.79 and R$ @.sup.-1 -32.11. The treatment with 50 kg N ha.sub.-1 achieved the highest positive monetary values of R$ 756.02, R$ ha.sub.-1 302.40 and R$ @.sup.-1 50.52. Economic viability data in beef heifer production demonstrate that the treatment with 50 kg N ha.sub.-1 is the most financially viable under the conditions of this study. Keywords: economic analysis, deferment, nitrogen fertilization, profitability, urea. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de nitrogenio em pastos de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu diferidos, e suas implicates sobre a viabilidade economica da producao de novilhas da raga Nelore. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (T1 = pasto diferido sem adubacao nitrogenada; T2 = pasto diferido com 50 kg de N ha.sub.-1; T3 = pasto diferido com 100 kg de N ha.sub.-1; T4 = pasto diferido com 150 kg de N ha.sub.-1) e quatro repeticoes (16 piquetes adubados). Foram utilizadas, inicialmente, 48 novilhas da raga Nelore, com media de oito meses de idade e com peso corporal inicial de 178,69 + or - 26,67 kg, sendo distribuidas tres novilhas por piquete em todos os tratamentos em um sistema de pastejo sob lotacao continua, com taxa de lotacao variavel. Apenas o tratamento sem adubacao nitrogenada apresentou valores monetarios negativos de R$ -181,96; R$ ha.sub.-1 72,79 e R$ @.sup.-1 -32,11. No entanto, o tratamento com 50 kg de N ha.sub.-1 apresentou os maiores valores monetarios positivos com R$ 756,02; R$ ha.sub.-1 302,40 e R$ @.sup.-1 50,52. Os dados da viabilidade economica na producao de novilhas de corte demonstram que o tratamento com 50 kg de N ha.sub.-1 e o mais viavel financeiramente, nas condigoes de realizacao desta pesquisa. Palavras-chave: adubacao nitrogenada, analise economica, diferimento, lucratividade, ureia.
The addition of 0; 5; 10 and 15% cassava bagasse, based on the dry matter of the total diet of crossbred Holstein v. Zebu cows, was evaluated on milk production and composition and on the impacts of ...diet costs. The animals, weighing an average of 478.5 kg, were in the middle third lactation period. Diet with 15% cassava bagasse provided a 13.2% increase in production when compared to control. Feed conversion had a quadratic effect with minimum point at 4.2% of cassava bagasse inclusion. Crude protein, the only milk component that changed, increased linearly with the inclusion of cassava bagasse levels. Treatment with 15% cassava bagasse caused a more effective operational cost (42.8% higher when compared to control) and the highest leveling point for milk production and price. The lowest leveling points were treatments with 5 and 10% inclusion of cassava bagasse, which had the best economic results. Concentrates caused cost increase, particularly when roughage : concentrate ratio decreased due to higher cassava bagasse inclusion levels. Keywords: milk composition, feed conversion, costs, cow milk, income. Estudou-se o efeito da inclusao de 0; 5; 10 e 15% de bagaco de mandioca, com base na materia seca da dieta total de vacas mesticas Holandesas vs. Zebu, sobre a producao e composicao do leite e sobre os impactos no custo da alimentacao. Os animais estavam no terco medio de lactacao e pesavam em media 478,5 kg. A dieta com 15% de bagaco de mandioca acrescentou 13,2% a producao, comparada a dieta controle. A conversao alimentar apresentou efeito quadratico com ponto minimo em 4,2% de inclusao de bagaco de mandioca. A proteina bruta, unico componente do leite que sofreu alteracao, aumentou linearmente com os niveis de inclusao de bagaco de mandioca. O tratamento com 15% de bagaco de mandioca representou maior custo operacional efetivo (42,8% mais elevado em relacao ao tratamento controle) e o maior ponto de nivelamento para a producao e preco do leite. Observaram-se os menores pontos de nivelamento para os tratamentos com 5 e 10% de inclusao de bagaco de mandioca, os quais apresentaram melhores resultados economicos. O concentrado foi o principal responsavel pela elevacao dos custos, particularmente, quando ocorre a reducao da razao volumoso : concentrado em funcao dos maiores teores de inclusao de bagaco de mandioca. Palavras-chave: composicao do leite, conversao alimentar, custo, leite de vaca, receita.
Voluntary intake and performance of dairy heifers grazing on Urochloa decumbens pastures with two deferral periods are evaluated. The totally randomized experimental design consisted of two ...treatments and seven replications, with two deferral periods: T1 = 95 and T2 = 140 days. Fourteen Holstein-Zebu heifers, average body weight (BW) 300 kg, were used. Intake of forage dry matter was 2.5% and 1.2 BW respectively for treatments 95 and 140 days. In treatment T2 the animals had an intake of only 139.5 g of CP, due to low nutrient content, or rather, 3.4% of CP in the forage available. There was an intake of NDF of 1.7% and 1.0 of BW for T1 and T2, respectively. The average daily weight gain was 785.8 g day.sup.-1 for T1 and average weight loss of -31.1 g day.sup.-1 for T2. Deferral of pastures Urochloa decumbens for 95 days to allow a 1.5 lodging index provides greater consumption and performance of dairy heifers. Deferral of Urochloa decumbens pastures to allow a 1.5 lodging index provides greater intake and performance of dairy heifers. Keywords: structural features, voluntary intake, weight gain, tropical pastures. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consumo voluntario e o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras em pastos de Urochloa decumbens diferidos com dois periodos de diferimento. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizados com dois tratamentos e sete repeticoes, que consistiram em dois periodos de diferimento: T1 = 95 e T2 = 140 dias. Foram utilizadas 14 novilhas Holandes/Zebu com peso corporal (PC) medio de 300 kg. O consumo de materia seca da forragem representou 2,5 e 1,2% do PC para os tratamentos 95 e 140 dias, respectivamente. Para o tratamento T2 os animais tiveram um consumo de apenas 139,5 g de PB, consequencia do baixo teor deste nutriente, 3,4% de PB, na forragem disponivel. Verificou-se um consumo de FDN 1,7 e 1,0% do PC para os tratamentos T1 e T2, respectivamente. O ganho de peso medio diario foi de 785,8 g dia-1 para o tratamento T1, enquanto no T2 houve perda de peso, em media -31,1 g dia.sup.-1. Na pratica, o diferimento de pastos de Urochloa decumbens por 95 dias que permitam uma estrutura com indice de acamamento de 1,5 proporciona maior consumo e desempenho de novilhas leiteiras. Na pratica, o diferimento de pastos de Urochloa decumbens que permitam uma estrutura com indice de acamamento de 1,5 proporciona maior consumo e desempenho de novilhas leiteiras. Palavras-chave: caracteristicas estruturais, consumo voluntario, ganho de peso, pastagens tropicais.
The behavior of crossbreed cows, milked in the presence or absence of their calves, was analyzed. The trial was conducted on the Dairy Cattle Sector of UESB School of Animal Science in Itapetinga BA ...Brazil. Twenty crossbreed Holstein x Gir cows were distributed in a randomized block design with 10 replications for each treatment for the experimental period of 31 days, during lactation. Results were analyzed by nonparametric chi-square test at 5% significance, except the variables time at the milking sector and milk production which were evaluated by analysis of variance and F test at 5% probability. Although cows with the presence of calves during milking had higher reactivity, behavioral activities and more time in the milking sector, milk production was not affected. Keywords: lactation, production, reactivity, time. Estudou-se o comportamento de vacas mesticas ordenhadas na presenca ou na ausencia de suas crias. O experimento foi conduzido no setor de Bovinocultura de Leite do Curso de Zootecnia da UESB, no municipio de Itapetinga, BA. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas mesticas Holandes x Gir, distribuidas em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com dez repeticoes para cada tratamento sendo o periodo experimental de 31 dias durante a lactacao. Os resultados foram submetidos a analise nao parametrica, utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado a 5% de significancia, exceto as variaveis, tempo de permanencia na sala de ordenha e producao de leite dos animais, que foram realizadas analise de variancia e teste F a 5% de probabilidade. A producao de leite nao foi afetada, embora as vacas manejadas com a presenca da cria, durante a ordenha, terem apresentado maiores reatividades e atividades comportamentais e maior tempo na sala de ordenha. Palavras-chave: lactacao, producao, reatividade, tempo.
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