Maintenance of bile acid (BA) homeostasis is essential to achieve their physiologic functions and avoid their toxic effects. The marked differences in BA composition between preclinical safety models ...and humans may play a major role in the poor prediction of drug‐induced liver injury using preclinical models. We compared the composition of plasma and urinary BAs and their metabolites between humans and several animal species. Total BA pools and their composition varied widely among different species. Highest sulfation of BAs was observed in human and chimpanzee. Glycine amidation was predominant in human, minipig, hamster and rabbit, while taurine amidation was predominant in mice, rat and dogs. BA profiles consisted primarily of tri‐OH BAs in hamster, rat, dog and mice, di‐OH BAs in human, rabbit and minipig, and mono‐OH BA in chimpanzee. BA profiles comprised primarily hydrophilic and less toxic BAs in mice, rat, pig and hamster, while it primarily comprised hydrophobic and more toxic BAs in human, rabbit and chimpanzee. Therefore, the hydrophobicity index was lowest in minipig and mice, while it was highest in rabbit, monkey and human. Glucuronidation and glutathione conjugation were low in all species across all BAs. Total concentration of BAs in urine was up to 10× higher and more hydrophilic than plasma in most species. This was due to the presence of more tri‐OH, amidated, sulfated and primary BAs, in urine compared to plasma. In general, BA profiles of chimpanzee and monkeys were most similar to human, while minipig, rat and mice were most dissimilar to human.
The marked differences in bile acid (BA) composition between preclinical safety models and humans may play a major role in the poor prediction of drug‐induced liver injury. We compared the composition of plasma and urinary BAs and their metabolites between humans and several animal species. BA profiles varied widely among different species and it comprised primarily hydrophilic and less toxic BAs in mice, rat, pig and hamster, while it primarily comprised hydrophobic and more toxic BAs in human, rabbit and chimpanzee. In general, BA profiles of chimpanzee and monkeys were most similar to humans, while minipig, rat and mice were most dissimilar to humans.
As the lipidomics field continues to advance, self-evaluation within the community is critical. Here, we performed an interlaboratory comparison exercise for lipidomics using Standard Reference ...Material (SRM) 1950–Metabolites in Frozen Human Plasma, a commercially available reference material. The interlaboratory study comprised 31 diverse laboratories, with each laboratory using a different lipidomics workflow. A total of 1,527 unique lipids were measured across all laboratories and consensus location estimates and associated uncertainties were determined for 339 of these lipids measured at the sum composition level by five or more participating laboratories. These evaluated lipids detected in SRM 1950 serve as community-wide benchmarks for intra- and interlaboratory quality control and method validation. These analyses were performed using nonstandardized laboratory-independent workflows. The consensus locations were also compared with a previous examination of SRM 1950 by the LIPID MAPS consortium. While the central theme of the interlaboratory study was to provide values to help harmonize lipids, lipid mediators, and precursor measurements across the community, it was also initiated to stimulate a discussion regarding areas in need of improvement.
One of the mechanisms of drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) involves alterations in bile acid (BA) homeostasis and elimination, which encompass several metabolic pathways including hydroxylation, ...amidation, sulfation, glucuronidation and glutathione conjugation. Species differences in BA metabolism may play a major role in the failure of currently used in vitro and in vivo models to predict reliably the DILI during the early stages of drug discovery and development. We developed an in vitro cofactor‐fortified liver S9 fraction model to compare the metabolic profiles of the four major BAs (cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid) between humans and several animal species. High‐ and low‐resolution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging were used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of BAs and their metabolites. Major species differences were found in the metabolism of BAs. Sulfation into 3‐O‐sulfates was a major pathway in human and chimpanzee (4.8%–52%) and it was a minor pathway in all other species (0.02%–14%). Amidation was primarily with glycine (62%–95%) in minipig and rabbit and it was primarily with taurine (43%–81%) in human, chimpanzee, dog, hamster, rat and mice. Hydroxylation was highest (13%–80%) in rat and mice followed by hamster, while it was lowest (1.6%–22%) in human, chimpanzee and minipig. C6‐β hydroxylation was predominant (65%–95%) in rat and mice, while it was at C6‐α position in minipig (36%–97%). Glucuronidation was highest in dog (10%–56%), while it was a minor pathway in all other species (<12%). The relative contribution of the various pathways involved in BA metabolism in vitro were in agreement with the observed plasma and urinary BA profiles in vivo and were able to predict and quantify the species differences in BA metabolism. In general, overall, BA metabolism in chimpanzee is most similar to human, while BA metabolism in rats and mice is most dissimilar from human.
Species differences in bile acid (BA) metabolism may play a major role in the failure of currently used in vitro and in vivo models to predict reliably drug induced liver injury during the early stages of drug discovery and development. We developed an in vitro cofactor‐fortified liver S9 fraction model to compare the metabolic profiles of the four major BAs between humans and several animal species. Major species differences were found in the metabolism of BAs and the relative contribution of the various pathways involved in BA metabolism in vitro were in agreement with the observed plasma and urinary BA profiles in vivo. In general, BA metabolism in the chimpanzee is most similar to human, while BA metabolism in rat and mice is most dissimilar from human.
In the search for novel bile acid (BA) biomarkers of liver organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), cynomolgus monkeys received oral rifampicin (RIF) at four dose levels (1, 3, 10, and 30 ...mg/kg) that generated plasma-free
values (0.06, 0.66, 2.57, and 7.79
M, respectively) spanning the reported in vitro IC
values for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 (≤1.7
M). As expected, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of an OATP probe drug (i.v.
H
-pitavastatin, 0.2 mg/kg) was increased 1.2-, 2.4-, 3.8-, and 4.5-fold, respectively. Plasma of RIF-dosed cynomolgus monkeys was subjected to a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method that supported the analysis of 30 different BAs. Monkey urine was profiled, and we also determined that the impact of RIF on BA renal clearance was minimal. Although sulfated BAs comprised only 1% of the plasma BA pool, a robust RIF dose response (maximal ≥50-fold increase in plasma AUC) was observed for the sulfates of five BAs glycodeoxycholate (GDCA-S), glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDCA-S), taurochenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate (DCA-S), and taurodeoxycholate (TDCA-S). In vitro, RIF (≤100
M) did not inhibit cynomolgus monkey liver cytosol-catalyzed BA sulfation and cynomolgus monkey hepatocyte-mediated uptake of representative sulfated BAs (GDCA-S, GCDCA-S, DCA-S, and TDCA-S) was sodium-independent and inhibited (≥70%) by RIF (5
M); uptake of taurocholic acid was sensitive to sodium removal (74% decrease) and relatively refractory to RIF (≤21% inhibition). We concluded that sulfated BAs may serve as sensitive biomarkers of cynomolgus monkey OATPs and that exploration of their utility as circulating human OATP biomarkers is warranted.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths in the United States. Currently, there are limited therapeutic options for patients suffering from CRC, none of ...which focus on the cell signaling mechanisms controlled by the popular kinase family, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). Here we evaluate a Pfizer developed compound, CP668863, that inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in neurodegenerative disorders. CDK5 has been implicated in a number of cancers, most recently as an oncogene in colorectal cancers. Our lab synthesized and characterized CP668863 - now called 20-223. In our established colorectal cancer xenograft model, 20-223 reduced tumor growth and tumor weight indicating its value as a potential anti-CRC agent. We subjected 20-223 to a series of cell-free and cell-based studies to understand the mechanism of its anti-tumor effects. In our hands,
20-223 is most potent against CDK2 and CDK5. The clinically used CDK inhibitor AT7519 and 20-223 share the aminopyrazole core and we used it to benchmark the 20-223 potency. In CDK5 and CDK2 kinase assays, 20-223 was ∼3.5-fold and ∼65.3-fold more potent than known clinically used CDK inhibitor, AT7519, respectively. Cell-based studies examining phosphorylation of downstream substrates revealed 20-223 inhibits the kinase activity of CDK5 and CDK2 in multiple CRC cell lines. Consistent with CDK5 inhibition, 20-223 inhibited migration of CRC cells in a wound-healing assay. Profiling a panel of CRC cell lines for growth inhibitory effects showed that 20-223 has nanomolar potency across multiple CRC cell lines and was on an average >2-fold more potent than AT7519. Cell cycle analyses in CRC cells revealed that 20-223 phenocopied the effects associated with AT7519. Collectively, these findings suggest that 20-223 exerts anti-tumor effects against CRC by targeting CDK 2/5 and inducing cell cycle arrest. Our studies also indicate that 20-223 is a suitable lead compound for colorectal cancer therapy.
ABSTRACT
Purpose
Determine the feasibility and potential benefit of peripherally cross-linking the shell of core-shell polymer micelles on the premature release of physically loaded hydrophobic drug ...in whole blood and subsequent potency against solid tumors.
Methods
Individual Pluronic F127 polymer micelles (F127 PM) peripherally cross-linked with ethylenediamine at 76% of total PEO blocks (X-F127 PM) were physically loaded with combretastatin A4 (CA4) by the solid dispersion method and compared to CA4 physically loaded in uncross-linked F127 PM, CA4 in DMSO
in vitro
, or water-soluble CA4 phosphate (CA4P)
in vivo.
Results
X-F127 PM had similar CA4 loading and aqueous solubility as F127 PM up to 10 mg CA4 / mL at 22.9 wt% and did not aggregate in PBS or 90% (
v
/
v
) human serum at 37°C for at least 24 h. In contrast, X-F127 PM decreased the unbound fraction of CA4 in whole blood (
fu
) and increased the mean plasma residence time and subsequent potency of CA4 against the vascular function and growth of primary murine 4T1 breast tumors over CA4 in F127 PM and water-soluble CA4P after IV administration.
Conclusions
Given that decreasing the fu is an indication of decreased drug release, peripherally cross-linking the shell of core-shell polymer micelles may be a simple approach to decrease premature release of physically loaded hydrophobic drug in the blood and increase subsequent potency in solid tumors.
Quantitative analysis of endogenous compounds Thakare, Rhishikesh; Chhonker, Yashpal S.; Gautam, Nagsen ...
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis,
09/2016, Letnik:
128
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•Quantification of endogenous analytes in biological matrices.•Presents an overview of the four approaches.•Summarize their applications, and compare their advantages and disadvantages.•Discuss ...validation requirements and compatibility with FDA guidelines.
Accurate quantitative analysis of endogenous analytes is essential for several clinical and non-clinical applications. LC–MS/MS is the technique of choice for quantitative analyses. Absolute quantification by LC/MS requires preparing standard curves in the same matrix as the study samples so that the matrix effect and the extraction efficiency for analytes are the same in both the standard and study samples. However, by definition, analyte-free biological matrices do not exist for endogenous compounds. To address the lack of blank matrices for the quantification of endogenous compounds by LC–MS/MS, four approaches are used including the standard addition, the background subtraction, the surrogate matrix, and the surrogate analyte methods. This review article presents an overview these approaches, cite and summarize their applications, and compare their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, we discuss in details, validation requirements and compatibility with FDA guidelines to ensure method reliability in quantifying endogenous compounds. The standard addition, background subtraction, and the surrogate analyte approaches allow the use of the same matrix for the calibration curve as the one to be analyzed in the test samples. However, in the surrogate matrix approach, various matrices such as artificial, stripped, and neat matrices are used as surrogate matrices for the actual matrix of study samples. For the surrogate analyte approach, it is required to demonstrate similarity in matrix effect and recovery between surrogate and authentic endogenous analytes. Similarly, for the surrogate matrix approach, it is required to demonstrate similar matrix effect and extraction recovery in both the surrogate and original matrices. All these methods represent indirect approaches to quantify endogenous compounds and regardless of what approach is followed, it has to be shown that none of the validation criteria have been compromised due to the indirect analyses.
The role of bile acids (BAs) as biomarkers for liver injury has been proposed for decades. However, the large inter- and intra-individual variability of the BA profile has prevented its clinical ...application. To this end, we investigated the effect of covariates such as food, gender, age, BMI, and moderate alcohol consumption on the BA profile in healthy human subjects. The BA profile was characterized by the calculation of indices that describe the composition, sulfation, and amidation of total and individual BAs. Both inter- and intra-individual variabilities of BA indices were low in serum and even lower in urine compared with those of absolute concentrations of BAs. Serum BA concentrations increased with consumption of food, whereas urinary BA concentrations were mildly affected by food. Gender differences in the urinary and serum BA profile were minimal. The serum and urinary BA profiles were also not affected by age. BMI showed minimal effect on the urine and serum BA profile. Moderate alcohol consumption did not have a significant effect on the BA profile in both urine and serum. When the effect of the type of alcohol was studied, the results indicate that moderate drinking of beer does not affect BA concentrations and has minimal effect on BA indices, whereas moderate wine consumption slightly increases BA concentrations without affecting the BA indices. In summary, urinary BA indices showed lower variability and higher stability than absolute BA concentrations in serum and showed minimal changes to covariate effects suggesting their utility as biomarkers in clinic.
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