In Teaching Literature in a Second Language, Brian Parkinson and Helen Reid Thomas focus on the relationship of language and literature in the context of the classroom. They examine both the language ...of literature as it occurs in a variety of texts from different genres and the language of the classroom as teachers and learners respond in speech and writing to those texts. While giving specific examples from the main literary genres of poetry, short stories, novels and drama, the authors are also concerned with the wider issues that affect all teachers such as assessment, evaluation, planning and working with a syllabus, and teacher development. Exercises and suggestions for further work are included for each section.The book is addressed primarily to students of applied linguistics and practising teachers, and is relevant both to teachers of EFL or ESL and to those who come from a background of literature teaching.Features*Selective review of relevant work in the field*Covers the teaching of poetry, drama, short stories and novels*Full bibliography of literary texts used*Exercises and suggestions for further work.
ABSTRACT
A method has been developed for metabolite profiling of the salivary metabolome based on protein precipitation and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility-mass ...spectrometry (UHPLC–IM–MS). The developed method requires 0.5 mL of human saliva, which is easily obtainable by passive drool. Standard protocols have been established for the collection, storage and pre-treatment of saliva. The use of UHPLC allows rapid global metabolic profiling for biomarker discovery with a cycle time of 15 min. Mass spectrometry imparts the ability to analyse a diverse number of species reproducibly over a wide dynamic range, which is essential for profiling of biofluids. The combination of UHPLC with IM–MS provides an added dimension enabling complex metabolic samples to be separated on the basis of retention time, ion mobility and mass-to-charge ratio in a single chromatographic run. The developed method has been applied to targeted metabolite identification and untargeted metabolite profiling of saliva samples collected before and after exercise-induced physiological stress.
δ
-Valerolactam has been identified as a potential biomarker on the basis of retention time, MS/MS spectrum and ion mobility drift time.
This note presents a comparison of the use of saliva versus leukocytes for the determination of Pt-DNA adducts obtained from patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy. Samples of both blood and ...saliva were taken pre- and post-treatment and were analysed via sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) to determine the level of Pt-DNA adducts formed. As expected, significant inter-patient variability was seen; however, a lack of correlation between the levels of adducts observed in saliva and blood samples was also observed (Pearson correlation coefficient
r
= −0.2598). A high yield of DNA was obtained from saliva samples, but significant difficulties were experienced in obtaining patient adherence to the saliva sampling procedure. In both leukocyte and saliva samples, not only was Pt from previous chemotherapy cycles detected, but the rapid appearance of Pt in the DNA was noted in both sample types 1 h after treatment.
This paper describes a set of fast and selective high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods coupled to electro-spray ionisation linear ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), sector-field ...inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) and UV detection for in vitro studies of the bifunctional adducts of oxaliplatin with mono-nucleotides, di-nucleotides and cellular DNA. The stationary phases and the optimised conditions used for each separation are discussed. Interaction of oxaliplatin with A and G mono-nucleotides resulted in the formation of five bifunctional platinum diaminocyclohexane (DACHPt) adducts. These were two isomers of the A-DACHPt-A and A-DACHPt-G adducts, and one G-DACHPt-G adduct, as confirmed by MS/MS spectra obtained by collision induced dissociation. These adducts were also characterised by UV absorption data and SF-ICP-MS elemental (195)Pt and (31)P signals. Further, interaction of oxaliplatin with AG and GG di-nucleotides resulted in the formation of three adducts: DACHPt-GG and two isomers of the DACHPt-AG adduct, as confirmed by ESI-MS and the complementary data obtained by UV and SF-ICP-MS. Finally, a very sensitive LC-ICP-MS method for the quantification of oxaliplatin GG intra-strand adducts (DACHPt-GG) was developed and used for monitoring the in vitro formation and repair of these adducts in human colorectal cancer cells. The method detection limit was 0.14 ppb Pt which was equivalent to 0.22 Pt adduct per 10(6) nucleotides based on a 10 μg DNA sample. This detection limit makes this method suitable for in vivo assessment of DACHPt-GG adducts in patients undergoing oxaliplatin chemotherapy.
This book focuses on the relationship of language and literature in the context of the classroom. It examines both the language of literature as it occurs in a variety of texts from different genres ...and the language of the classroom as teachers and learners respond in speech and writing to those texts.
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▶ Partitioning of Pt-based drugs in cells of patients undergoing Pt-based chemotherapy. ▶ New data on Pt -DNA adduct formation and persistence over extended treatment cycles. ▶ ...Variability in patient response and evidence of adduct repair. ▶ The effect of combination therapy, such as the FOLFOX regimen. ▶ Effect of Se supplementation, and cell partitioning of drug.
This paper describes methodologies, based on sector field inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS), and their application in the holistic study of the fate of Pt in human cell populations following treatment with cis- or oxaliplatin and combination treatments. Pt–DNA adduct formation data at several time points has been determined in the leukocytes from patients undergoing Pt-based chemotherapy demonstrating significant inter-patient variability and excellent reproducibility of the assay. The sensitivity of the technique enabled quantitation of as little as 0.2 Pt adducts per 10
6 nucleotides using 10
μg of patient DNA. Further, the first ever reported
in vivo sub-cellular Pt fractionation data on a patient sample is presented indicating the feasibility of applying the methods presented here in a clinical environment. For
in vitro studies, three cell models were used: A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells were exposed to 50
μM cisplatin for 1
h; HCA7 human colorectal cancer cells were treated with either FOLFOX (200
μM 5-fluorouracil, 200
μM folinic acid and 50
μM oxaliplatin) or 50
μM oxaliplatin; and HT29 human colorectal cancer cells were treated with 50
μM oxaliplatin in combination with 20
μM methaneseleninic acid, CH
3SeO
2H (MSA). The cells were harvested and either the DNA extracted and/or a commercially available kit used to fractionate the treated cells into four sub-cellular compartments. Each of the sub-cellular fractions and extracted DNA were digested separately, evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in 2% nitric acid for analysis by SF-ICP-MS. The sub-cellular Pt distribution for cisplatin treated A549 cells was shown to be as follows: ∼70% localized in the cytosol, ∼17% in the membrane and membrane localized fraction, ∼9% in the nuclear fraction and ∼4% in the cytoskeletal fraction. Both FOLFOX and oxaliplatin treated HCA7 cells showed comparable sub-cellular Pt distributions, and Pt–DNA adduct formation was similar for the oxaliplatin and FOLFOX treatments with adduct yields of 5.6 and 5.5 adducts per 10
6 nucleotides respectively. It was found that the combination of oxaliplatin with 20
μM MSA did not change the distribution of Pt or significantly alter its accumulation in the cytosol of the HT29 cells. Mass balance experiments showed a >99% recovery of the total Pt in the sub-cellular fractions. These experiments are the first to provide such a detailed quantitation of Pt-drug partitioning and they show that the Pt broadly follows the total protein content of the individual compartments with the majority being scavenged in the cytosol compartment.
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