Understanding how the metabolic rates of prokaryotes respond to temperature is fundamental to our understanding of how ecosystem functioning will be altered by climate change, as these ...micro-organisms are major contributors to global carbon efflux. Ecological metabolic theory suggests that species living at higher temperatures evolve higher growth rates than those in cooler niches due to thermodynamic constraints. Here, using a global prokaryotic dataset, we find that maximal growth rate at thermal optimum increases with temperature for mesophiles (temperature optima Formula: see textC), but not thermophiles (Formula: see textC). Furthermore, short-term (within-day) thermal responses of prokaryotic metabolic rates are typically more sensitive to warming than those of eukaryotes. Because climatic warming will mostly impact ecosystems in the mesophilic temperature range, we conclude that as microbial communities adapt to higher temperatures, their metabolic rates and therefore, biomass-specific COFormula: see text production, will inevitably rise. Using a mathematical model, we illustrate the potential global impacts of these findings.
Child maltreatment is a global public health issue that encompasses physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV). This systematic review and ...meta-analysis summarises the association between these five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders.
Published cohort and case-control studies were included if they reported associations between any form of child maltreatment (and/or a combination of), and depressive and anxiety disorders. A total of 604 studies were assessed for eligibility, 106 met inclusion criteria, and 96 were included in meta-analyses. The data were pooled in random effects meta-analyses, giving odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each form of child maltreatment.
All forms of child maltreatment were associated with depressive disorders (any child maltreatment OR = 2.48, 2.14–2.87; sexual abuse OR = 2.11, 1.83–2.44; physical abuse OR = 1.78, 1.57–2.01; emotional abuse OR = 2.35, 1.74–3.18; neglect OR = 1.65, 1.35–2.02; and exposure to IPV OR = 1.68, 1.34–2.10). Several forms of child maltreatment were significantly associated with anxiety disorders (‘any child maltreatment’ OR = 1.68, 1.33–2.4; sexual abuse OR = 1.90, 1.6–2.25; physical abuse OR = 1.56, 1.39–1.76; and neglect OR = 1.34, 1.09–1.65). Significant associations were also found between several forms of child maltreatment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
There is a robust association between five forms of child maltreatment and the development of mental disorders. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) includes only sexual abuse as a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders. These findings support the inclusion of additional forms of child maltreatment as risk factors in GBD.
Highlights ► Impairments in vitamin D signaling adversely affect brain development. ► Vitamin D is closely associated with dopaminergic neurotransmission. ► Low levels of Vitamin D are associated ...with various psychiatric conditions. ► It is time for intervention studies with Vitamin D in psychiatric diseases?
Vitamin D and schizophrenia: 20 years on Cui, Xiaoying; McGrath, John J; Burne, Thomas H J ...
Molecular psychiatry,
07/2021, Letnik:
26, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Many epidemiological studies have highlighted the link between vitamin D deficiency and schizophrenia. In particular, two prominent studies report an association between neonatal vitamin D deficiency ...and an increased risk of schizophrenia. In parallel, much has been learnt about the role of vitamin D in the developing central nervous system over the last two decades. Studies in rodent models of developmental vitamin D (DVD)-deficiency describe how brain development is altered leading to a range of neurobiological and behavioral phenotypes of interest to schizophrenia. While glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems have been little investigated in these models, alterations in developing dopamine systems are frequently reported. There have been far more studies reporting patients with schizophrenia have an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency compared to well controls. Here we have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis that basically confirms this association and extends this to first-episode psychosis. However, patients with schizophrenia also have poorer general health, poorer diets, are frequently less active and also have an increased risk of other medical conditions, all factors which reduce circulating vitamin D levels. Therefore, we would urge caution in any causal interpretation of this association. We also summarize the inconsistent results from existing vitamin D supplementation trials in patients with schizophrenia. In respect to animal models of adult vitamin D deficiency, such exposures produce subtle neurochemical alterations and effects on cognition but do not appear to produce behavioral phenotypes of relevance to schizophrenia. We conclude, the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency during early life may increase the risk of schizophrenia remains plausible and warrants ongoing research.
Research into social learning (learning from others) has expanded significantly in recent years, not least because of productive interactions between theoretical and empirical approaches. This has ...been coupled with a new emphasis on learning strategies, which places social learning within a cognitive decision-making framework. Understanding when, how and why individuals learn from others is a significant challenge, but one that is critical to numerous fields in multiple academic disciplines, including the study of social cognition.
Vitamin D deficiency is a candidate risk factor for a range of adverse health outcomes. In a genome-wide association study of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration in 417,580 Europeans we ...identify 143 independent loci in 112 1-Mb regions, providing insights into the physiology of vitamin D and implicating genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, dermal tissue properties, and the sulphonation and glucuronidation of 25OHD. Mendelian randomization models find no robust evidence that 25OHD concentration has causal effects on candidate phenotypes (e.g. BMI, psychiatric disorders), but many phenotypes have (direct or indirect) causal effects on 25OHD concentration, clarifying the epidemiological relationship between 25OHD status and the health outcomes examined in this study.
The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases with age. Cellular senescence refers to a state of irreversible cell-cycle arrest combined with the secretion of proinflammatory ...cytokines and mitochondrial dysfunction. Senescent cells contribute to age-related tissue degeneration. Here we show that the accumulation of senescent cells promotes hepatic fat accumulation and steatosis. We report a close correlation between hepatic fat accumulation and markers of hepatocyte senescence. The elimination of senescent cells by suicide gene-meditated ablation of p16
-expressing senescent cells in INK-ATTAC mice or by treatment with a combination of the senolytic drugs dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q) reduces overall hepatic steatosis. Conversely, inducing hepatocyte senescence promotes fat accumulation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that mitochondria in senescent cells lose the ability to metabolize fatty acids efficiently. Our study demonstrates that cellular senescence drives hepatic steatosis and elimination of senescent cells may be a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce steatosis.
Prestige-biased social learning (henceforth “prestige-bias”) occurs when individuals predominantly choose to learn from a prestigious member of their group, i.e. someone who has gained attention, ...respect and admiration for their success in some domain. Prestige-bias is proposed as an adaptive social-learning strategy as it provides a short-cut to identifying successful group members, without having to assess each person’s success individually. Previous work has documented prestige-bias and verified that it is used adaptively. However, the domain-specificity and generality of prestige-bias has not yet been explicitly addressed experimentally. By domain-specific prestige-bias we mean that individuals choose to learn from a prestigious model only within the domain of expertise in which the model acquired their prestige. By domain-general prestige-bias we mean that individuals choose to learn from prestigious models in general, regardless of the domain in which their prestige was earned. To distinguish between domain specific and domain general prestige we ran an online experiment (n = 397) in which participants could copy each other to score points on a general-knowledge quiz with varying topics (domains). Prestige in our task was an emergent property of participants’ copying behaviour. We found participants overwhelmingly preferred domain-specific (same topic) prestige cues to domain-general (across topic) prestige cues. However, when only domain-general or cross-domain (different topic) cues were available, participants overwhelmingly favoured domain-general cues. Finally, when given the choice between cross-domain prestige cues and randomly generated Player IDs, participants favoured cross-domain prestige cues. These results suggest participants were sensitive to the source of prestige, and that they preferred domain-specific cues even though these cues were based on fewer samples (being calculated from one topic) than the domain-general cues (being calculated from all topics). We suggest that the extent to which people employ a domain-specific or domain-general prestige-bias may depend on their experience and understanding of the relationships between domains.
DREADDs are chemogenetic tools widely used to remotely control cellular signaling, neuronal activity, and behavior. Here we used a structure-based approach to develop a new Gi-coupled DREADD using ...the kappa-opioid receptor as a template (KORD) that is activated by the pharmacologically inert ligand salvinorin B (SALB). Activation of virally expressed KORD in several neuronal contexts robustly attenuated neuronal activity and modified behaviors. Additionally, co-expression of the KORD and the Gq-coupled M3-DREADD within the same neuronal population facilitated the sequential and bidirectional remote control of behavior. The availability of DREADDs activated by different ligands provides enhanced opportunities for investigating diverse physiological systems using multiplexed chemogenetic actuators.
•Structure-guided approach for κ-opioid receptor (KOR)-DREADD (KORD) design•KORD is selectively activated by salvinorin B, and not by endogenous opioids•KORD robustly silenced multiple neuronal subtypes•Inhibitory KORD combined with excitatory hM3Dq for multiplexed behavioral control
The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) was used as a template to generate a novel inhibitory DREADD (KORD), which is activated by salvinorin B and insensitive to endogenous opioid peptides. Sequential activation of the inhibitory KOR-DREADD and an excitatory M3-DREADD facilitated the bidirectional, multiplexed modulation of behavior.
The first layer of plant immunity is activated by cell surface receptor‐like kinases (RLKs) and proteins (RLPs) that detect infectious pathogens. Constitutive interaction with the SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 ...(SOBIR1) RLK contributes to RLP stability and kinase activity. As RLK activation requires transphosphorylation with a second associated RLK, it remains elusive how RLPs initiate downstream signaling. We employed live‐cell imaging, gene silencing and coimmunoprecipitation to investigate the requirement of associated kinases for functioning and ligand‐induced subcellular trafficking of Cf RLPs that mediate immunity of tomato against Cladosporium fulvum. Our research shows that after elicitation with matching effector ligands Avr4 and Avr9, BRI1‐ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) associates with Cf‐4 and Cf‐9. BAK1/SERK3 is required for the effector‐triggered hypersensitive response and resistance of tomato against C. fulvum. Furthermore, Cf‐4 interacts with SOBIR1 at the plasma membrane and is recruited to late endosomes upon Avr4 trigger, also depending on BAK1/SERK3. These observations indicate that RLP‐mediated resistance and endocytosis require ligand‐induced recruitment of BAK1/SERK3, reminiscent of BAK1/SERK3 interaction and subcellular fate of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) RLK. This reveals that diverse classes of cell surface immune receptors share common requirements for initiation of resistance and endocytosis.