In this first ground-level account of the Muslim separatist
rebellion in the Philippines, Thomas McKenna challenges prevailing
anthropological analyses of nationalism as well as their underlying
...assumptions about the interplay of culture and power. He examines
Muslim separatism against a background of more than four hundred
years of political relations among indigenous Muslim rulers, their
subjects, and external powers seeking the subjugation of Philippine
Muslims. He also explores the motivations of the ordinary men and
women who fight in armed separatist struggles and investigates the
formation of nationalist identities. A skillful meld of historical
detail and ethnographic research, Muslim Rulers and Rebels
makes a compelling contribution to the study of protest, rebellion,
and revolution worldwide.
This paper presents the potential of applying physics-informed neural networks for solving nonlinear multiphysics problems, which are essential to many fields such as biomedical engineering, ...earthquake prediction, and underground energy harvesting. Specifically, we investigate how to extend the methodology of physics-informed neural networks to solve both the forward and inverse problems in relation to the nonlinear diffusivity and Biot's equations. We explore the accuracy of the physics-informed neural networks with different training example sizes and choices of hyperparameters. The impacts of the stochastic variations between various training realizations are also investigated. In the inverse case, we also study the effects of noisy measurements. Furthermore, we address the challenge of selecting the hyperparameters of the inverse model and illustrate how this challenge is linked to the hyperparameters selection performed for the forward one.
Colony stimulating factor-1 (Csf-1) receptor and its ligand Csf-1 control macrophage development, maintenance, and function. The development of both Langerhans cells (LCs) and microglia is highly ...dependent on Csf-1 receptor signaling but independent of Csf-1. Here we show that in both mice and humans, interleukin-34 (IL-34), an alternative ligand for Csf-1 receptor, is produced by keratinocytes in the epidermis and by neurons in the brain. Mice lacking IL-34 displayed a marked reduction of LCs and a decrease of microglia, whereas monocytes, dermal, and lymphoid tissue macrophages and DCs were unaffected. We identified IL-34 as a nonredundant cytokine for the development of LCs during embryogenesis as well as for their homeostasis in the adult skin. Whereas inflammation-induced repopulation of LCs appears to be dependent on Csf-1, once inflammation is resolved, LC survival is again IL-34-dependent. In contrast, microglia and their yolk sac precursors develop independently of IL-34 but rely on it for their maintenance in the adult brain.
► IL-34 is critical for the development and maintenance of LCs ► IL-34 is required for LC maintenance but not monocyte-derived repopulation in inflammation ► IL-34 is critical for the homeostasis of adult microglia ► IL-34 protein is produced in the epidermis and brain of mice and humans
In this contribution we report on the synthesis and full structural as well as spectroscopic characterization of 3,3′-dinitro-5,5′-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1′-diol and nitrogen-rich salts thereof. The ...first synthesis and characterization of an energetic 1-hydroxy-bistriazole in excellent yields and high purity is presented. This simple and straightforward method of N-oxide introduction in triazole compounds using commercially available oxone improves the energetic properties and reveals a straightforward synthetic pathway toward novel energetic 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. X-ray crystallographic measurements were performed and deliver insight into structural characteristics and strong intermolecular interactions. The standard enthalpies of formation were calculated for all compounds at the CBS-4 M level of theory, revealing highly positive heats of formation for all compounds. The energetic properties of all compounds (detonation velocity, pressure, etc.) were calculated using the EXPLO5.05 program, and the ionic derivatives show superior performance in comparison to the corresponding compounds bearing no N-oxide. All substances were characterized in terms of sensitivities (impact, friction, electrostatic) and thermal stabilities, and the ionic derivatives were found to be high thermally stable, insensitive compounds that are exceedingly powerful but safe to handle and prepare.
Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Fourth Edition gathers both basic and applied dimensions in this dynamic field that includes virtually all environments on Earth. This range attracts a growing number of ...cross-disciplinary studies, which the encyclopedia makes available to readers from diverse educational backgrounds. The new edition builds on the solid foundation established in earlier versions, adding new material that reflects recent advances in the field. New focus areas include `Animal and Plant Microbiomes' and 'Global Impact of Microbes`. The thematic organization of the work allows users to focus on specific areas, e.g., for didactical purposes, while also browsing for topics in different areas.
2,2′-Azobis(5-azidotetrazole) (C2N16, 3), a highly energetic nitrogen-rich binary CN compound was obtained in a three-step synthesis through the formation of 5-azidotetrazole (1), subsequent ...amination using O-tosylhydroxylamine to give 2-amino-5-azidotetrazole (2), and oxidative azo coupling of 2 using tBuOCl as an oxidant in MeCN. A nitrogen:carbon ratio of 8:1, eight nitrogen atoms in a row, and a nitrogen content of over 90% was unknown for a binary heterocyclic compound until now. The successful isolation was confirmed through X-ray diffraction as well as by vibrational and 13C NMR spectroscopy. C2N16 can explode instantly and shows mechanical sensitivities far higher than quantitatively measurable. Nevertheless, it features interesting energetic performances, which were calculated using different quantum-chemical methods.
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