Almost one-third of Norwegian women aged 25-69 years invited to have a Pap smear do not attend during the recommended period, and thus constitute a population with high-risk of cervical cancer (CC). ...Since the incidence of precancerous lesions of the cervix peak with occurrence of pregnancies within the same decade in women aged 25 to 35 years of age, antepartum care presents an opportunity to offer a Pap smear thereby increasing the coverage of the programme. The study objective was to describe the effect of the antepartum Pap smear on the coverage of a cytological CC screening programme.
Among 2 175 762 women resident in Norway in 31.12.1996, all women who gave birth in 1996-7 were identified from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Attendance to the cervical cancer screening was assessed by linkage to the Cytology Registry separately for the pregnant and non-pregnant women cohorts. The results were stratified by age, history of previous Pap smear and history of invitation to the CC screening programme. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relative probabilities of having a Pap smear adjusted for age, screening history, and time since invitation, for pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively.
69% of the pregnant women had a Pap smear during one year of follow-up since beginning of the pregnancy with the majority taken during the antepartum period. Irrespectively of age or history of having a Pap smear, pregnant women were 4.3 times more likely to have a Pap smear during follow-up compared to non-pregnant women. 63.2% of the pregnant women had a smear as response to the invitation letter compared to 28.7% of the non-pregnant women, OR = 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.4). As an indication of "over-screening", 5397 pregnant women (57.8%) with a smear shortly before the start of follow-up also had a new Papsmear, compared to 83 023 (32.3%) in non-pregnant.
Pap smear screening during pregnancy increases the coverage of the CC screening programme. The contribution of the antepartum Pap smear to "over-screening" exists but its effect is modest in countries where women on average become pregnant after the start of recommended age of screening.
Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or 1 to 2 years after birth often occurs at a late stage. Little is known about tumor characteristics in the high-risk period shortly after a childbirth. We ...here explore whether stage of disease differs according to timing of births. Results are based on 22,351 Norwegian breast cancer patients of parity 0 to 5, ages 20 to 74 years. The proportion of stage II to IV tumors was considerably higher among parous than nulliparous women at age <30 years (52.7% versus 36.8%, P=0.009), but similar or lower in other age groups (P(interaction)=0.029). In general, the largest proportion of stage II to IV tumors was found among women diagnosed during pregnancy or <2 years after birth. However, among women with late-age births (first or second birth >or=30 years, third birth >or=35 years), as well as women with an early second birth (<25 years), the proportion with advanced disease was rather similar or even higher among those diagnosed 2 to 6 years after birth (49.3-56.0%). The association between clinical stage and time since birth reached statistical significance among women with a late first or second birth and among all triparous women (P <or= 0.032). The subgroups with a high proportion of advanced disease 2 to 6 years after birth corresponded quite well to those previously found to have the most pronounced transient increase in risk after birth. Thus, pregnancy hormones may have a progressive effect on breast cancer tumors in addition to a possible promoting effect. A potential effect of prolactin is discussed.
This study compares the screening history for women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 or adenocarcinoma in situ (ACIS) with women with different stages and subtypes of cervical ...carcinoma.
An analysis of the Norwegian Coordinated Cervical Screening Program comparing all cases with a CIN 2/3/ACIS (N=8586) with all ICC (N=777) in the period 2000-2002. All Pap smears since 1992 were used to characterise detection mode and screening history. Multinominal regression models estimated the risk associated with detection mode and adequate Pap smear history.
A wide range of age at diagnosis, from 16 to 92 years of age was observed regardless of the stage of the disease. Fifty five percentage of the women diagnosed with CIN 2/3/ACIS had an adequate screening history. Of women diagnosed with SCC, 45.1% in stage I, and 10.5% in stage IV had an adequate history. The median age of women with CIN 2/3 (34 years) and squamous cervical carcinoma (SCC) stage I (37 years) given an adequate Pap smear history was not significantly different. For women with ACC, the proportion with adequate screening history was roughly 50% for all stages. After adjustment for detection mode and age, the OR for being diagnosed with ICC stage I compared to CIN 2/3 was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0-1.5), while the OR of being diagnosed with ICC stage II-IV was 3.4 (95% CI: 2.3-4.8).
Women with CIN 2/3 and ICC stage I were similar with respect to screening histories, i.e. detection mode and age at diagnosis, while women with ICC stage II-IV seldom had an adequate screening history and were diagnosed at a significantly higher age.
Objective: To evaluate whether the results of the first screening round in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program predict future mortality reduction and to explore the cost-effectiveness of ...the program. Methods: The results of surrogate measures were calculated and compared with the targets. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed assuming a nationwide program starting in 1996 with an attendance rate of 80% and a mortality reduction of 30%. Results: The attendance rate was 79.5% and the detection rate was 0.67%. The proportion of invasive tumors smaller than 15 mm was 53.1%, and 21.7% of the patients who underwent axillary surgery had lymphatic metastasis. The C/E ratios were found to be 3750 US dollars (USD) per year of life saved and 86,045 USD per life saved. Conclusion: The results of the first screening round will lead to a mortality reduction of at least 30%. The cost-effectiveness analysis shows that it is possible to run a highly cost-efficient screening program in Norway.
Epidemiologic evidence of sexual history has emerged as a consistently found risk factor for prostate cancer. Some studies have reported an association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infections ...and prostate cancer. We did a nested case-control study within cohorts of more than 200,000 men enrolled in three Nordic biobanking projects. Follow-up using cancer registry linkages identified 804 prospectively occurring prostate cancer cases. Four control subjects per case were randomly selected from eligible sets of matched subjects that were alive and free of cancer at the time of diagnosis of the corresponding case and were matched to cases on biobank cohort, age (+/-2 years), county of residence, and date of blood sampling (+/-2 months in the Finnish and Swedish cohorts, +/-6 months in the Norwegian cohort). The serum samples were analyzed by standard ELISAs for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies against HPV types 16, 18, and 33. The joint HPV-16/HPV-18/HPV-33 seroprevalence in the joint cohort was 13.4% (107 of 799) among cases and 14.0% (363 of 2,596) among controls (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.19). There were no noteworthy differences when the data were analyzed by different HPV type, country, or antibody levels. Our data do not support an association between serologic markers of HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-33 infections and risk of prostate cancer.
BACKGROUNDUsing real-world (RW) data from registries to mimic or substitute a comparator arm of clinical trials is increasingly investigated. The feasibility of using data sources for this purpose ...depends on the source's completeness of the wide spectrum of a disease characteristics and relevant endpoints, which could allow for proper matching of important variables.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis is a Norwegian study using data from three population-based registries, the Cancer Registry (CRN), the National Patient Registry (NPR), and the Norwegian Prescribed Drug Registry (LMR). We assessed if the registries contained the information necessary for selecting a RW cohort of patients with characteristics that mimicked the inclusion and exclusion criteria from the control arm of the phase 3 trial (KeyNote-407) on patients with stage IV, squamous NSCLC. We did this both on an aggregated - and individual data level. We also described the survival in the RW-cohorts and compared it with the survival in the control arm of the KN-407 trial.RESULTSUsing aggregated data from the CRN allowed us to find the patients based on some clinically relevant inclusion criteria, but only to a limited extent could we apply the exclusion criteria of KN-407. When we used individual data from the CRN, NPR and the LMR we could create a patient cohort that shared more criteria corresponding to the eligibility criteria from KN-407, including exclusion criteria. Compared to the 11.3 months (CI 95% 9.5, 14.8) median survival in the control arm of KN-407, both RW-cohorts had a shorter median survival, 7.07 months (CI 95% 6.7, 9.5) (individual) and 8.0 months (CI 95% 5.8, 10.5) (aggregated).CONCLUSIONEven if we demonstrated that the registries contain clinically relevant information necessary to mimic the eligibility criteria of a selected RCT, the survival is shorter for RW patients compared to their control arm counterpart in the RCT.
Objective. To explore whether twin births and sex of children influenced maternal risk of endometrial cancer, possibly with effect modification by age. Design. Population-based prospective study. ...Study population. A total of 1,094,017 parous Norwegian women aged 30-74 years, including 3,356 endometrial cancer cases. Among the 27,158 mothers of twins, 101 cases occurred. Methods. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in Poisson regression analyses of person-years at risk. Results. Women ever having experienced a twin birth had an overall higher risk of endometrial cancer than women with singleton births only (IRR=1.26, 95% CI=1.03-1.53). Women with twin boys appeared to be the main contributor to the overall elevated risk (IRR=1.57, 95% CI=1.15-2.14). The risk estimates for women with twin girls or sex-nonconcordant twins were close to unity (IRR of 1.09 and 1.12, respectively). However, age-specific analyses revealed an elevated risk also in women with twin girls, but only before age 55 years (IRR=1.92, 95% CI=1.27-2.89); a lower risk was seen at older ages (IRR=0.41, 95% CI=0.19-0.92). The risk estimates for twin boys and sex-nonconcordant twins were consistently observed across age groups. The effect modification by age was statistically significant (p=0.0024). No association was found with sex of children in singleton mothers. Conclusion. Mothers of twin boys had a significantly higher risk of endometrial cancer than women with singleton births only, whereas women with twin girls had an elevated risk before age 55 years. No significant association was seen with sex-noncordant twins, neither overall nor within age groups.
Summary
Testicular cancer is the most frequent malignancy among young men, and there have been steady increases in its incidence in most western countries for many decades. Recently, a decrease was ...seen in some countries, including Denmark. Here, we report recent trends in testicular cancer incidence in the Nordic countries. We address the hypothesis that the causal factors for testicular cancer in Denmark are related to birth cohort and that non‐seminoma and seminoma tumours have a common aetiology. An overall increase in testicular cancer incidence was found in the Nordic countries, corresponding to increases with each consecutive birth cohort in each country. In Denmark, a decline in incidence was observed during the past 5 years, and men born around 1943 and around 1968 showed lower incidences than men born just before or just after these dates. These birth‐cohort effects were seen both for seminoma and non‐seminoma tumours. This descriptive study confirms the hypothesis that birth cohort has a major influence on the incidence pattern of testicular tumours and suggests that seminoma and non‐seminoma have common aetiological factors.
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