State of charge (SOC) estimation plays a crucial role in battery management systems. Among all the existing SOC estimation approaches, the model-driven extended Kalman filter (EKF) has been widely ...utilized to estimate SOC due to its simple implementation and nonlinear property. However, the traditional EKF derived from the mean square error (MSE) loss is sensitive to non-Gaussian noise which especially exists in practice, thus the SOC estimation based on the traditional EKF may result in undesirable performance. Hence, a novel robust EKF method with correntropy loss is employed to perform SOC estimation to improve the accuracy under non-Gaussian environments firstly. Secondly, a novel robust EKF, called C-WLS-EKF, is developed by combining the advantages of correntropy and weighted least squares (WLS) to improve the digital stability of the correntropy EKF (C-EKF). In addition, the convergence of the proposed algorithm is verified by the Cramér–Rao low bound. Finally, a C-WLS-EKF method based on an equivalent circuit model is designed to perform SOC estimation. The experiment results clarify that the SOC estimation error in terms of the MSE via the proposed C-WLS-EKF method can efficiently be reduced from 1.361% to 0.512% under non-Gaussian noise conditions.
Three-dimensional NAND flash memory is widely used in sensor systems as an advanced storage medium that ensures system stability through fast data access. However, in flash memory, as the number of ...cell bits increases and the process pitch keeps scaling, the data disturbance becomes more serious, especially for neighbor wordline interference (NWI), which leads to a deterioration of data storage reliability. Thus, a physical device model was constructed to investigate the NWI mechanism and evaluate critical device factors for this long-standing and intractable problem. As simulated by TCAD, the change in channel potential under read bias conditions presents good consistency with the actual NWI performance. Using this model, NWI generation can be accurately described through the combination of potential superposition and a local drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect. This suggests that a higher bitline voltage (Vbl) transmitted by the channel potential can restore the local DIBL effect, which is ever weakened by NWI. Furthermore, an adaptive Vbl countermeasure is proposed for 3D NAND memory arrays, which can significantly minimize the NWI of triple-level cells (TLC) in all state combinations. The device model and the adaptive Vbl scheme were successfully verified by TCAD and 3D NAND chip tests. This study introduces a new physical model for NWI-related problems in 3D NAND flash, while providing a feasible and promising voltage scheme as a countermeasure to optimize data reliability.
Cardiovascular function and adipose metabolism were markedly influenced under high altitudes. However, the interplay between adipokines and heart under hypoxia remains to be elucidated. We aim to ...explore alterations of adipokines and underlying mechanisms in regulating cardiac function under high altitudes. We investigated the cardiopulmonary function and five adipokines in Antarctic expeditioners at Kunlun Station (4,087 m) for 20 days and established rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (5,000 m), simulating Kunlun Station. Antarctic expeditioners exhibited elevated heart rate, blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and decreased cardiac pumping function. Plasma creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB) and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (sPecam-1) increased, and leptin, resistin, and lipocalin-2 decreased. Plasma leptin significantly correlated with altered cardiac function indicators. Additionally, hypoxic rats manifested impaired left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, elevated plasma CK-MB and sPecam-1, and decreased plasma leptin. Chronic hypoxia for 14 days led to increased myocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, coupled with reduced protein levels of leptin signaling pathways in myocardial tissues. Cardiac transcriptome analysis revealed leptin was associated with downregulated genes involved in rhythm, Na
/K
transport, and cell skeleton. In conclusion, chronic hypoxia significantly reduced leptin signaling pathways in cardiac tissues along with significant pathological changes, thus highlighting the pivotal role of leptin in regulation of cardiac function under high altitudes.
Background
There is a paucity of data regarding the prevalence of preoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with long bone (including femur, tibia and fibula) fractures of the lower limbs. ...We performed a meta-analysis to address the issue.
Methods
Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, the Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, the VIP database, CNKI, and the Wanfang database, were systematic searched for original articles that reported the prevalence of preoperative DVT in long bone fractures of the lower limbs from January 2016 to September 2021. The prevalence of preoperative DVT was pooled using random-effects models, and subgroups were established according to study type, detection method, sample size and fracture site.
Results
Twenty-three articles reporting on 18,119 patients were eligible. The overall pooled preoperative DVT prevalence was 24.1% (95% CI 19.3–28.8%). In different subgroups, the preoperative DVT prevalences were 18.2–27.3%, 15.2–28.6%, 23.1–24.9%, 18.2–26.0% and 23.2–23.4% for different study designs, sample sizes, age groups, detection methods and fracture sites, respectively.
Conclusions
Despite the heterogeneity among studies, this systematic review suggests that the prevalence of preoperative DVT, which may seriously affect the prognosis of patients, is high. Therefore, greater efforts should be devoted to the improvement of screening and prevention strategies for preoperative DVT in lower-extremity long bone fractures.
Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Trial Registration
The study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database with the registration number CRD42022324706.
Liver transplantation (LT) is required in many end-stage liver diseases. Donation after cardiac death (DCD) livers are often used, and treatment of acute rejection (ACR) requires the use of ...immunosuppressive drugs that are associated with complications. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are used in treatment following LT; however, they have limitations, including low colonization in the liver. An optimized BMMSC application method is required to suppress ACR.
BMMSCs were isolated and modified with the heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene. HO-1/BMMSCs were perfused into donor liver in vitro using a normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) system, followed by LT into rats. The severity of ACR was evaluated based on liver histopathology. Gene chip technology was used to detect differential gene expression, and flow cytometry to analyze changes in natural killer (NK) T cells.
NMP induced BMMSCs to colonize the donor liver during in vitro preservation. The survival of HO-1/BMMSCs in liver grafts was significantly longer than that of unmodified BMMSCs. When the donor liver contained HO-1/BMMSCs, the local immunosuppressive effect was improved and prolonged, ACR was controlled, and survival time was significantly prolonged. The application of HO-1/BMMSCs reduced the number of NKT cells in liver grafts, increased the expression of NKT cell co-inhibitory receptors, and reduced NKT cell expression of interferon-γ.
NK cell and CD8
T cell activation was inhibited by application of HO-1/BMMSCs, which reduced ACR of transplanted liver. This approach could be developed to enhance the success rate of LT.
We present an unusual case of a patient with bilateral-lung transplantation due to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), who subsequently suffered complications with acute myocardial infarction ...and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Podophyllotoxin (PPT), as well as its congeners and derivatives, exhibits pronounced biological activities, especially antineoplastic effects. Its strong inhibitory effect on tumor cell growth led to ...the development of three of the most highly prescribed anticancer drugs in the world, etoposide, teniposide, and the water‐soluble prodrug etoposide phosphate. Their clinical success as well as intriguing mechanism of action stimulated great interest in further modification of PPT for better antitumor activity. The C‐4 position has been a major target for structural derivatization aimed at either producing more potent compounds or overcoming drug resistance. Accordingly, numerous PPT derivatives have been prepared via hemisynthesis and important structure–activity relationship (SAR) correlations have been identified. Several resulting compounds, including GL‐331, TOP‐53, and NK611, reached clinical trials. Some excellent reviews on the distribution, sources, applications, synthesis, and SAR of PPT have been published. This review focuses on a second generation of new etoposide‐related drugs and provides detailed coverage of the current status and recent development of C‐4‐modified PPT analogs as anticancer clinical trial candidates.
The combined index of hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) is considered a novel score to reflect systemic inflammation and nutritional status. This study aimed to investigate the ...association between HALP score and poor outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).
Consecutive AIS patients within 24 h after onset were prospectively enrolled. Poor outcome was a combination of a new stroke event (ischemic and hemorrhagic) and all-cause death within 90 days and 1 year. The association between HALP score and poor outcome was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards.
A total of 1,337 patients were included. Overall, 60 (4.5%) and 118 (8.8%) patients experienced poor outcome within 90 days and 1 year, respectively. Patients in the highest tertile of HALP score had a lower risk of poor outcome within 90 days and 1 year (hazard ratio: 0.25 and 0.42; 95% confidence intervals: 0.11-0.57 and 0.25-0.69,
for trend <0.01 for all) compared with those in the lowest tertile after adjusting relevant confounding factors. Adding HALP score to the conventional risk factors improved prediction of poor outcome in patients with AIS within 90 days and 1 year (net reclassification index, 48.38 and 28.95%; integrated discrimination improvement, 1.51 and 1.51%;
< 0.05 for all).
Increased HALP score was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent stroke and death within 90 days and 1 year after stroke onset, suggesting that HALP score may serve as a powerful indicator for AIS.
In this research, an ammonium perchlorate/polydopamine (AP/PDA) core-shell composite was prepared in a non-aqueous solution to reduce the mechanical sensitivity of ammonium perchlorate (AP). The ...result showed that the AP/PDA core-shell composite could be successfully constructed in ethyl acetate solution with an AP recovery rate that reached 86%. The mechanical sensitivity of the obtained AP/PDA core-shell composite was significantly reduced with a PDA content of only 0.76%. The DSC and TG also indicated that the coating of PDA showed catalytic activity in the thermal decomposition of AP with a lower decomposition temperature and a decreased E
value of AP. Thus, this study proposed a simple strategy for achieving a good balanced between harnessing the energy and ensuring the safety of ammonium perchlorate by significantly reducing its mechanical sensitivity by using a very low polydopamine coating layer content, and this shows great potential for the design and fabrication of insensitive energetic composites for use in propellants.
Berberine possesses a wide spectrum of lipid regulation, and yet it has poor physicochemical property and cytotoxicity as a drug candidate. In order to alleviate the problems, a total of twenty-one ...9-O-cinnamoylberberines and twenty 9-O-cinnamoyltetrahydroberberines were designed, synthesized, and evaluated by in vitro cell viability experiment and four classical lipid-lowering assays involving with total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. A structure-activity relationship study of these compounds resulted in the discovery of two promising candidate molecules (5p and 7u). Compound 5p displayed the most potent inhibitory effect for TG formation, with the inhibitory rates of 40.5% and 76.8% in 3T3-L1 cells and HepG2 cells, respectively. Compound 7u exhibited the most promoting activity for the production of HDLC, with the increasing rates of 52.6% and 70.5% in both models, respectively. These two attractive compounds can be further investigated as new lipid-lowering agents in follow-up researches.
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