BACKGROUNDDepression is one of the most common diseases in the world, and severe depression is the second leading cause of disability in the world. However, the relationship between depressive ...symptoms and body mass index (BMI) is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between BMI and depressive symptoms. METHODSWe conducted a cross-sectional study involving 35,407 participants, all data collected from NHANES 2005-2018. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between depressive symptoms (outcome variables) and BMI levels (independent variables). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was the primary measure of depressive symptoms. We also performed sensitivity analyses, including multiple sensitivity analyses. RESULTSAfter adjusting for covariates, the ORS (95 % CI) of depressive symptoms from the lowest to the highest levels of BMI were 1.14 (1.00-1.30), 1.00 (Reference), 1.19 (1.05-1.35) and 1.45 (1.29-1.64), respectively. However, stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis showed that there was no U-shaped relationship between non-Hispanic black race and depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONSelf-reporting questionnaire may lead to recall bias or reporting bias; Cross-sectional studies failed to verify causality. CONCLUSIONThere is a U-shaped relationship between depression and BMI. However, no such relationship was found among non-Hispanic blacks. More researches are needed to confirm the relationship between weight and depression, as well as the causal relationship between them.
Recently, molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) has aroused tremendous interests as a potential candidate to replace Pt-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the HER performance ...of Mo2C is intrinsically limited by the empty d-orbitals with a large density in Mo2C and the resulting strong Mo-H bonding. Heteroatom-doping is an effective route for tuning the d-orbitals of Mo2C and improving the catalytic activity. Hence, in this work, we design two facile pathways to synthesize unique N, P and N, S dual-doped Mo2C/C hybrid electrocatalysts as highly active HER catalysts. The co-doping of N, P and N, S involves the substitute of C atoms in both Mo2C crystals and carbon matrix for a better synergistic effect, and can further improve the HER activity of Mo2C electrocatalysts compared to individual N doping. As expected, the obtained N, P or N, S dual-doped Mo2C catalyst (NP-Mo2C or NS-Mo2C) exhibits lower electrochemical resistance, higher intrinsic activity of each active site, or larger electrochemically active surface area (AECSA, for NP-Mo2C), thus leading to enhanced HER activity as well as stability in the acidic solution.
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A new method to modulate RAFT dispersion polymerization by introducing solvophilic homopolymers into the polymerization medium is proposed. It is discovered that in RAFT dispersion polymerization ...employing poly(4-vinylpyridine) trithiocarbonate macro-RAFT agent, the introduced solvophilic homopolymers of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA), poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(4-vinylpyridine) can greatly change both the size/morphology of poly(4-vinylpyridine)-block-polystyrene nanoassemblies and polymerization kinetics. RAFT dispersion polymerization decelerates with the increasing amount of introduced PDMA, and it favors formation of complex block copolymer nanoassemblies in the presence of PDMA. The possible reason for introduced solvophilic homopolymers affecting polymerization kinetics and the block copolymer nanoassemblies is discussed. Adding solvophilic homopolymers into the polymerization medium is believed to be a promising alternative to modulate RAFT dispersion polymerization.
At present, fish provide an important supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) for human consumption. Previous studies have shown that fatty acyl elongase 2 (elovl2) and elovl5 ...play important roles in fish LC-PUFA synthesis. Generally, freshwater fish have a stronger ability to synthesize LC-PUFAs than marine fish. However, the roles of elovl2, elovl5 and elovl2 + elovl5 in LC-PUFA synthesis of freshwater fish in vivo are not very clear. In this study, the elovl2 knockout zebrafish (elovl2−/−), elovl5 knockout zebrafish (elovl5−/−) and the double gene knockout zebrafish (DKO) were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the first time. Compared with wild type zebrafish (WT), elovl5-deletion zebrafish showed a significant increase in C22 PUFA content, which might be due to the up-regulation expressions of elovl4b and elovl2. elovl5 expressed at very low levels in livers of elovl2−/− relative to WT, indicating that elovl5 may be an “assistant attacker” of elovl2 in LC-PUFA synthesis of zebrafish. Moreover, there were no significant differences in levels of C18–C22 PUFAs between DKO and WT, indicating that besides elovl2 + elovl5 path, LC-PUFA synthesis in zebrafish could be performed by other paths. In addition, the hepatic lipidomic analysis results revealed that the contents of C22:6n-3 in phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE-DHA) and PE-C22 PUFAs were more easily affected by the absence of elovl2 and elovl5. Our results suggest that the elovl2+elovl5 path is not the only path for LC-PUFA synthesis in zebrafish, and provide novel insights into the roles of elovl2 and elovl5 in LC-PUFA synthesis of freshwater fish.
•elovl2−/−, elovl5−/− and the double gene knockout zebrafish (DKO) were generated for the first time.•elovl5 may be an “assistant attacker” of elovl2 in LC-PUFA synthesis of zebrafish.•Our results suggested that the elovl2+elovl5 path was not the only path for LC-PUFA synthesis in zebrafish.
The size of ions significantly influences the electric double layer structure of room temperature ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes and their differential capacitance (Cd). In this study, we extended ...the mean-field theory (MFT) developed independently by Kornyshev (2007J. Phys. Chem. B 111 5545-57) and Kilic, Bazant, and Ajdari (2007 Phys. Rev. E 75 021502) (the KKBA MFT) to take into account the asymmetric 1:1 IL electrolytes by introducing an additional parameter ξ for the anion/cation volume ratio, besides the ionic compressibility γ in the KKBA MFT. The MFT of asymmetric ions becomes KKBA MFT upon ξ = 1, and further reduces to Gouy-Chapman theory in the γ → 0 limit. The result of the extended MFT demonstrates that the asymmetric ILs give rise to an asymmetric Cd, with the higher peak in Cd occurring at positive polarization for the smaller anionic size. At high potential, Cd decays asymptotically toward KKBA MFT characterized by γ for the negative polarization, and characterized by ξγ for the positive polarization, with inverse-square-root behavior. At low potential, around the potential of zero charge, the asymmetric ions cause a higher Cd, which exceeds that of Gouy-Chapman theory.
Imidazolium-based ionic liquids and imidazolium-based organic–inorganic hybrid alkaline anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are synthesized and investigated in the present work. The imidazolium-based ...hybrid AEMs are prepared via in situ cross-linking of styrene, acrylonitrile, 1-vinyl-propyl-triethoxysilaneimidazolium chloride (VPSImCl) and 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide (VBImBr), followed by anion exchange with hydroxide ions. The water uptake and swelling degree of the hybrid AEMs decrease with increasing VPSImCl content due to the formation of an Si–O–Si inorganic network in the membranes. The resulting organic–inorganic hybrid AEMs show good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties and high conductivity (above 10−2Scm−1 at room temperature in liquid water). Compared with samples without the addition of VPSImCl, the hybrid membranes show much higher alkaline stability, and the hybrid AEMs displayed excellent chemical stability up to 480h in 2M KOH solution at 60°C.
•Imidazolium-based organic–inorganic hybrid AEMs are synthesized.•A Si–O–Si inorganic network is formed in the hybrid membranes.•The hybrid AEMs show good alkaline stability in 2M KOH solution.
We consider the problem of high-dimensional classification between two groups with unequal covariance matrices. Rather than estimating the full quadratic discriminant rule, we propose to perform ...simultaneous variable selection and linear dimension reduction on the original data, with the subsequent application of quadratic discriminant analysis on the reduced space. In contrast to quadratic discriminant analysis, the proposed framework does not require the estimation of precision matrices; it scales linearly with the number of measurements, making it especially attractive for the use on high-dimensional datasets. We support the methodology with theoretical guarantees on variable selection consistency, and empirical comparisons with competing approaches. We apply the method to gene expression data of breast cancer patients, and confirm the crucial importance of the ESR1 gene in differentiating estrogen receptor status.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) technology is one of the key technologies to achieve intelligent interpretation for SAR images. With the rapid development of deep ...learning, deep neural networks have been successively used in SAR ATR and show priority in comparison with the conventional methods. Recently, more and more attention is paid to the robustness of deep learning based SAR ATR methods. The reason is that maliciously modified and imperceptible adversarial images can deceive the SAR ATR methods which are based on the deep neural networks. In this paper, we propose a novel SAR ATR adversarial deception algorithm, which fully considers the characteristics of SAR data. Our method can obtain the satisfactory perturbations with a higher deception success rate, a higher recognition confidence, and a smaller perturbation coverage than other state-of-the- art methods for the SAR images. Experimental results using the MSTAR dataset and OpenSARShip dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. The proposed adversarial deception method can be used in the applications such as SAR dataset protection, SAR sensor design and SAR image quality evaluation.
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are of increasing interest due to their appealing inherent properties and show great promise in various applications such as reinforcing agent and barrier membrane. In ...this work, nanocomposite films composed with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) were prepared via vacuum filtration method. The effects of CNF/CNC ratios on the rheological behavior of nanocomposite suspension as well as the transparency, barrier performance, mechanical properties and thermal stability of nanocomposite films were investigated, and the microstructure of nanocomposite films was characterized. The results indicated that equal proportion of CNF and CNC appeared to be the optimal state for nanocomposite film preparation, at which the nanocomposite films exhibited compact network structures, desired thermal stability, a tensile strength of 60.5 MPa, water vapor transmittance of 923.9 g/m2/24 h (38 °C, 100% RH) and transparency of up to 92.7%. This work provides an effective and scalable approach for the preparation of nanocellulose based films with high performance, which may hold great promise in the biodegradable materials for advanced packaging applications.
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•Biodegradable CNF/CNC nanocomposite films were designed and prepared.•Optimal process for imparting desired properties to CNF/CNC films was identified.•Equal proportion of CNF/CNC was confirmed to be optimum state for film preparation.•CNF/CNC composite films exhibited desired transparency and mechanical properties.•Increased CNF amount resulted in increased viscosity of nanocomposite suspensions.
Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) are functional drug-loaded nanocarriers widely applied in cancer therapy. Recently, layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled NDDS have been demonstrated as one of the most ...promising platforms in delivery of anticancer therapeutics. Here, a brief review of the LbL assembled NDDS for cancer treatment is presented. The fundamentals of the LbL assembled NDDS are first interpreted with an emphasis on the formation mechanisms. Afterwards, the tailored encapsulation of anticancer therapeutics in LbL assembled NDDS are summarized. The state-of-art targeted delivery of LbL assembled NDDS, with special attention to the elaborately control over the passive and active targeting delivery, are represented. Then the controlled release of LbL assembled NDDS with various stimulus responsiveness are systematically reviewed. Finally, conclusions and perspectives on further advancing the LbL assembled NDDS toward more powerful and versatile platforms for cancer therapy are discussed.
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