Because substance abuse is a chronic and relapsing condition, this chapter explores future possibilities for substance abuse relapse and recovery initiatives with emphasis on practice and research. ...Relapse has been a consistent concern. Early relapse estimates (Wanberg and Horn, 1970) were that more than 90% of patients at twelve-month follow-up from alcohol treatment used substances, and almost half returned to pretreatment use. These findings highlight a reality that recovery is an ongoing process. In fact, relapse and recovery are practically and clinically intertwined.
There are a number of persistent questions related to relapse and recovery. As examples: Is recovery the
RELAPSE AND RECOVERY Frank M. Tims; Carl G. Leukefeld; Jerome J. Platt
Relapse and Recovery in Addictions,
03/2001
Book Chapter
Understanding of relapse and processes underlying recovery are essential elements in both the science and treatment of addictions. In this volume, we have set out to review major scientific issues, ...research findings, and treatment insights relating to those processes. This volume was originally conceived as an opportunity to revise and update the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) research monographRelapse and Recovery in Drug Abuse(Tims and Leukefeld 1986). The reader will see that this new effort goes beyond that limited goal. For one thing, the field has enlarged greatly in terms of our understanding of addiction, the development
In the steel industry there are many applications where greases provide the most efficient and economical method of lubrication. The special properties of grease, such as efficient sealing against ...water and contaminants, long-service life, freedom from drip, are essential in many important applications. Therefore, grease is used extensively in all the main departments of a works, ie, sinter plant, blast furnace, melting shop, and rolling mills. Apart from its use in small gearboxes, linkages, etc, by far its major application is in bearings, both plain and anti-friction. Conditions in a steelworks are varied and exacting. The atmosphere is usually heavily contaminated with scale and dust. Vast quantities of water are used for cooling and high-pressure descaling. To achieve more rational and efficient lubrication many steelworks group large numbers of bearings to a common grease line which is fed from a central reservoir supplied from a mechanical lubricator.
Conventional laboratory viscometric methods are not adequate to characterise the behaviour of multigrade oils in service, in that they take no account of the high shear rates occurring in running ...engines. A technique has been developed which permits the measurement of apparent viscosity in the crankshaft bearings of engines running under road conditions. The technique is to isolate a single bearing, provide it with its own oil feed and calibrate flow-rates through it under normal running conditions using single grade oils. Flow rates obtained with multigrade oils can then be converted to apparent viscosities, seen by the bearing under operating conditions. Results show that temporary viscosity loss due to shear is important even at moderate speeds (3000 rpm) in normal production engines. Shear breakdown characteristics of a range of different chemical types of VI Improvers have been compared. The technique has also been modified to permit determination of the minimum viscosity acceptable to the engine by relating this parameter to temperature increases in the bearings.
