Summary
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is leading cause of death among older characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative stress, progressive neuronal deficits, and increased levels of amyloid‐β ...(Aβ) peptides. Cholinergic treatment could be the best suitable physiological therapy for AD. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is a thirty‐seven‐amino acid regulatory neuropeptide resulting from different merging of the CGRP gene, which also includes adrenomedullin, amylin, calcitonin, intermedin, and calcitonin receptor‐stimulating peptide. It is a proof for a CGRP receptor within nucleus accumbens of brain that is different from either the CGRP1 or CGRP2 receptor in which it demonstrates similar high‐affinity binding for salmon calcitonin, CGRP, and amylin, a possession which is not shared by any extra CGRP receptors. Binding of CGRP to its receptor increases activated cAMP‐dependent pkA and PI3 kinase, resulting in N‐terminal fragments that are shown to exert complex inhibitory as well facilitator actions on nAChRs. Fragments such as CGRP1‐4, CGRP1‐5, and CGRP1‐6 rapidly as well as reversibly improve agonist sensitivity of nAChRs without straight stimulating those receptors and produce the Ca2+‐induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)‐activated angiotensin‐type (AT4) receptor is also beneficial in AD. It has been suggested that exogenous administration of CGRP inhibits infiltration of macrophages and expression of various inflammatory mediators such as NFkB, IL‐1b, TNF‐α, iNOS, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9, and cell adhesion molecules like intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1 which attenuates consequence of inflammation in AD. Donepezil, a ChEI, inhibits acetylcholinesterase and produces angiogenesis and neurogenesis, in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of WT mice after donepezil administration. However, none of the results discovered in CGRP‐knockout mice and WT mice exposed to practical denervation. Therefore, selective agonists of CGRP receptors may become the potential candidates for treatment of AD.
ABSTRACT
We present the first in-depth study of X-ray emission from a nearby (z ∼ 0.0784) galaxy cluster Abell 1569 using an archival Chandra observation. A1569 consists of two unbound subclusters – ...a northern subcluster (A1569N) hosting a double-lobed radio galaxy 1233+169 at its centre, and a southern subcluster (A1569S) harbouring a wide-angle-tailed (WAT) radio source 1233+168. X-ray emission from A1569N and A1569S extends to a radius r ∼248 kpc and r ∼370 kpc, respectively, indicating that the two gas clumps are group-scale systems. The two subclusters have low X-ray luminosities (∼1042–43 erg s−1), average elemental abundances ∼1/4 Z⊙, low average temperatures (∼2 keV), and lack large (r ≳ 40–50 kpc) cool cores associated with the intracluster gas. We detect a pair of cavities coincident with the radio lobes of 1233+169 in A1569N. The total mechanical power associated with the cavity pair is an order of magnitude larger than the X-ray radiative loss in the cavity-occupied region, providing corroborating evidence for cavity-induced heating of the intragroup gas in A1569N. A1569S exhibits possible evidence for a small-scale cluster-subcluster merger, as indicated by its high central entropy, and the presence of local gas elongation and a density discontinuity in between the bent radio tails of 1233+168. The discontinuity is indicative of a weak merger shock with Mach Number, M ∼ 1.7. The most plausible geometry for the ongoing interaction is a head-on merger occurring between A1569S and a subcluster falling in from the west along the line bisecting the WAT tails.
ABSTRACT
We present a detailed X-ray study of the central subcluster of the nearby ($z\, \sim$0.0368) Hercules cluster (Abell 2151) identified as A2151C that shows a bimodal structure. A bright clump ...of hot gas with X-ray emission extending to radius $r\, \sim$304 kpc and $L_X = 3.03_{-0.04}^{+0.02}\times 10^{43}$ erg s−1 in the 0.4–7.0 keV energy range is seen as a fairly regular subclump towards the west (A2151C(B)). An irregular, fainter and cooler subclump with radius $r\, \sim$364 kpc is seen towards the east (A2151C(F)) and has LX = 1.13 ± 0.02 × 1043 erg s−1 in the 0.4–7.0 keV energy band. The average temperature and elemental abundance of A2151C(B) are 2.01 ± 0.05 keV and 0.43 ± 0.05 Z⊙, respectively, while these values are 1.17 ± 0.04 keV and 0.13 ± 0.02 Z⊙ for A2151C(F). Low temperature (1.55 ± 0.07 keV) and a short cooling time (∼0.81 Gyr) within the central 15 arcsec region confirm the presence of a cool core in A2151C(B). We identify several compact groups of galaxies within A2151C(F). We find that A2151C(F) is a distinct galaxy group in the process of formation and likely not a ram-pressure stripped part of the eastern subcluster in Hercules (A2151E). X-ray emission from A2151C shows a region of overlap between A2151C(B) and A2151C(F) but without any enhancement of temperature or entropy in the two-dimensional (2D) projected thermodynamic maps that could have indicated an interaction due to a merger between the two subclumps.
We present the first in-depth study of X-ray emission from a nearby (z ~ 0.0784) galaxy cluster Abell 1569 using an archival Chandra observation. A1569 consists of two unbound subclusters – a ...northern subcluster (A1569N) hosting a double-lobed radio galaxy 1233+169 at its centre, and a southern subcluster (A1569S) harbouring a wide-angle-tailed (WAT) radio source 1233+168. X-ray emission from A1569N and A1569S extends to a radius r ~248 kpc and r ~370 kpc, respectively, indicating that the two gas clumps are group-scale systems. The two subclusters have low X-ray luminosities (~1042–43 erg s-1), average elemental abundances ~1/4 Z⊙, low average temperatures (~2 keV), and lack large (r ≳ 40–50 kpc) cool cores associated with the intracluster gas. We detect a pair of cavities coincident with the radio lobes of 1233+169 in A1569N. The total mechanical power associated with the cavity pair is an order of magnitude larger than the X-ray radiative loss in the cavity-occupied region, providing corroborating evidence for cavity-induced heating of the intragroup gas in A1569N. A1569S exhibits possible evidence for a small-scale cluster-subcluster merger, as indicated by its high central entropy, and the presence of local gas elongation and a density discontinuity in between the bent radio tails of 1233+168. The discontinuity is indicative of a weak merger shock with Mach Number, M ~ 1.7. The most plausible geometry for the ongoing interaction is a head-on merger occurring between A1569S and a subcluster falling in from the west along the line bisecting the WAT tails.
•Stellar phase metallicity (Z) of galaxies decline as a function of their M*.•Z of filament galaxies declines closer to the spine of filaments.•Age of intermediate mass galaxies increases with ...environmental density.•Massive galaxies in clusters and filaments are older than the ones in voids.•At fixed age, Z of galaxies (M*/M⊙ < 1010.7) is independent of stellar mass.•Oldest, most massive galaxies show a decline in their Z with M*.
We analyse luminosity-weighted ages and metallicity (Z) of galaxies in a continuous range of environments, i.e. clusters, filaments and voids prevalent in the Coma supercluster (∼100h−1 Mpc). Specifically, we employ two absorption line indices, Hβ and ⟨Fe⟩ as tracers of age and metallicity of galaxies. We find that the stellar-phase metallicity of galaxies declines with increasing age as a function of stellar mass (M*) as well as environment. On the filaments, metallicity of galaxies varies as a function of their distance from the spine of the filament, such that galaxies closer to the centre of the filaments have lower metallicity relative to their counterparts 1 Mpc away from it. The mean age of intermediate mass galaxies (1010 < M*/M⊙ < 1010.5) galaxies is statistically significantly different in different environments such that, the galaxies in clusters are older than the filament galaxies by 1-1.5 Gyr, while their counterparts in the voids are younger than filament galaxies by ~ 1 Gyr. The massive galaxies (M*/M⊙ > 1010.5), on the other hand show no such difference for the galaxies in clusters and filaments, but their counterparts in voids are found to be younger by ~ 0.5 Gyr. At fixed age however, Z of galaxies is independent of their M* in all environments, except the most massive (M*/M⊙ ≳ 1010.7), oldest galaxies ( ≳ 9 Gyr) which show a sharp decline in their Z with M*. Our results support a scenario where galaxies in the nearby Universe have grown by accreting smaller galaxies or primordial gas from the large-scale cosmic web.
Diabetes mellitus is becoming the critical problem among the entire world and it is difficult to understand the molecular mechanism representing the concept of diabetic pathology. Recently the ...knowledge of the involvement of genetics in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) susceptibility has sketched a great concentration towards the transcriptional activity of β cells within the pancreas. This disease becomes the leading cause of death, so it is necessary to study the molecular pathogenesis, phenotypes, and characteristics to design the therapeutic parameters. Here in this review role of miRNA is being illustrated as it plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis, progression, and fate of beta cells of pancreas regulating the insulin secretion. Here in this review, we try to include the effects and pathophysiology of various miRNA in diabetes mellitus and on the various sites of the human body.
Psoriasis is a chronic, local as well as a systemic, inflammatory skin condition. Psoriasis influences the quality of life up to 3.8% of the population and occurs often between 15 and 30 years of ...age. Specific causes are linked to psoriasis, including the interleukin IL‐23/IL‐17 Axis, human antigen leucocyte (HLA), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Secukinumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds and neutralizes IL‐17A required in the treatment of Psoriasis. The signaling pathways of Wnt govern multiple functions of cell‐like fate specification, proliferation, polarity, migration, differentiation with their signaling controlled rigorously, given that dysregulation caused by various stimuli, can lead to alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and human inflammatory disease. Current data has supported non‐canonical Wnt signaling pathways in psoriasis development, particularly Wnt5a activated signaling cascades. These interconnected factors are significant in interactions between immune cells, keratinocytes, and inflammatory factors due to a higher degree of transglutaminase 2, mediated by activation of the keratinocyte hyperproliferation of the psoriatic patient's epidermis. This study discusses the pathology of Wnt5a signaling and its involvement in the epidermal inflammatory effects of psoriasis with other related pathways.
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