Results of radiation hardness study of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) to be used at forward hadron calorimeters, including designed Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) of CBM, PSD of NA61 beyond ...2020 upgrade and Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) at BM@N are presented. High intensity beams at future heavy-ion accelerator facilities up to 106∕107 interactions/second will lead to high neutron fluence around calorimeters up to 3×1012 neq/cm2 accumulated during a year of the experiment operation. SiPMs produced by Ketek, Zecotek, Hamamatsu and Sensl manufacturers were irradiated at cyclotron of NPI Rez in a wide range of neutron fluences from 4×1010 up to 6×1012 n/cm2. Change of SiPM’s main parameters after irradiation including dark current, breakdown voltage, noise and signal response to LED was studied in the lab. Furthermore, several packs of irradiated SiPMs were installed at the currently operating NA61 PSD to study the cumulative radiation effect on the calorimeter performance. Beam scan with 20–80 GeV/c protons was performed to determine the dependency of detector energy resolution on beam energy before and after irradiation.
•Radiation hardness of 6 different Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) was studied.•SiPMs were irradiated in a wide range of neutron fluences from 4E10 up to 6E12 n/cm2.•Large variation in operational parameters of SiPMs after irradiation was observed.•Beam tests at NA61 PSD calorimeter showed good SiPM performance up to 4E11 n/cm2.•Hamamatsu MPPC S12572-010P was found to fit the CBM PSD requirements the best.
During the last years, semiconductor avalanche detectors are being widely used as the replacement of classical PMTs in calorimeters for many HEP experiments. In this report, basic selection criteria ...for replacement of PMTs by solid state devices and specific problems in the investigation of detectors radiation hardness are discussed. The design and performance of the hadron calorimeters developed for the future high energy nuclear physics experiments at FAIR, NICA, and CERN are discussed. The Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) for the CBM experiment at the future FAIR facility, the Forward Calorimeter for the NA61 experiment at CERN and the Multi Purpose Detector at the future NICA facility are reviewed. Moreover, new methods of data analysis and results interpretation for radiation experiments are described. Specific problems of development of detectors control systems and possibilities of reliability improvement of multi-channel detectors systems are shortly overviewed. All experimental material is based on the investigation of SiPM and MPPC at the neutron source in NPI Rez.
The Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) of the CBM experiment at the future FAIR facility is a compensating lead-scintillator calorimeter designed to measure the energy distribution of the forward ...going projectile nucleons and nuclei fragments (reaction spectators) produced close to the beam rapidity. The detector performance for the centrality and reaction plane determination is reviewed based on Monte-Carlo simulations of gold-gold collisions by means of four different heavy-ion event generators. The PSD energy resolution and the linearity of the response measured at CERN PS for the PSD supermodule consisting of 9 modules are presented. Predictions of the calorimeter radiation conditions at CBM and response measurement of one PSD module equipped with neutron irradiated MPPCs used for the light read out are discussed.
We present recent results on the investigation of the KETEK, ZECOTEK, HAMAMATSU and SENSL SiPM properties after irradiation by the 6–35MeV neutrons. The typical neutron fluence was about 1012n/cm2. ...The changing of the internal structure of the irradiated SiPMs was studied by the measuring of the C–V and C–f characteristics. We have observed the strong influence of the SiPM manufacturing technology on their radiation hardness. The application of the obtained results to the development of the readout electronics is discussed.
The HADES spectrometer currently operating on the beam of SIS18 accelerator in GSI will be moved to a new position in the CBM cave of the future FAIR complex. Electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) will ...enable the HADES@FAIR experiment to measure data on neutral meson production in heavy ion collisions at the energy range of 2-10 A GeVon the beam of the new accelerator SIS100. Calorimeter will be based on 978 massive lead glass modules read out by photomultipliers and a novel front-end electronics. Secondary gamma beam with energies ranging from 81 MeV up to 1399 MeV from MAMI-C Mainz facility was used to verify selected technical solutions. Relative energy resolution was measured using modules with three different types of photomultipliers. Two types of developed front-end electronics as well as energy leakage between neighbouring modules under parallel and declined gamma beams were studied in detail.
Modern avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with high gain are good device candidates for light readout from detectors applied in relativistic heavy ion collisions experiments. The results of the ...investigations of the APDs properties from Zecotek, Ketek and Hamamatsu manufacturers after irradiation using secondary neutrons from cyclotron facility U120M at NPI of ASCR in Řež are presented. The results of the investigations can be used for the design of the detectors for the experiments at NICA and FAIR.
The Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) is a subsystem of the CBM experiment at the future FAIR facility designed to determine centrality and reaction plane orientation in the heavy-ion collisions. ...It will be done by measurement of the energy distribution of the heavy nucleons and nuclei fragments emitted close to the beam rapidity in forward direction. For the anticipated beam energies of FAIR SIS100 and SIS300 accelerators, different event generators (iQMD, UrQMD, DCM-QGSM, LA-QGSM and HSD) were used for the study of directed and elliptic proton flow in Au+Au collisions. Produced particles were transported with the GEANT4 Monte-Carlo using the CBM detector geometry. Performance of the reaction plane determination is shown for different PSD setups to demonstrate effects of the detector granularity and magnetic field. Simulation results are compared with the FOPI, AGS E877, E895 and STAR experimental data.
HADES is a high acceptance di-electron spectrometer operating at SIS18, GSI, Germany aimed at study of hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at 1-4 AGeV beam energies. The new ...electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) was added to the experimental setup in order to measure γ-quanta and thus extend its capabilities in study of π0-, η-mesons, production of neutral hyperons and to improve electron-to-hadron separation for the partcles with momenta p > 300 MeV/c. The first data taking with the ECal detector was carried out in March 2019 when Ag+Ag collisions at 1.23 AGeV and 1.58 AGeV beam energies were studied. The methods of reconstruction of the γγ invariant mass spectra from these data are discussed. The analysis includes several steps: calibration of each module of the ECal detector, identification of γ-quanta, reconstruction of γγ invariant mass spectra and subtraction of combinatorial background. The obtained results show experimental capabilities of the new detector and, after efficiency corrections, will allow to normalize yields of other particles.
PDF
