The readout server (ROS), which constitutes the second level of the CMS drift tubes (DT) subdetector readout architecture, is a complex VME 9U board, currently placed in the CMS cavern, in the racks ...on one side of the detector wheels. The planned upgrade of DT electronics for 2013-2014 includes the relocation of all the second level of readout and trigger electronics in the CMS counting room, allowing among others, the future redesign of a higher performance ROS board based on commercial devices with no radiation tolerance requirements.
To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will undergo a major upgrade in the coming years, referred to as High Luminosity LHC (HLLHC), aimed to increase its ...instantaneous luminosity, 5 times larger than the designed limit, and, consequently leading to high levels of radiation, with the goal to collect 10 times larger the original designed integrated luminosity. The drift tube chambers (DT) of CMS muon detector system is built to proficiently measure and trigger on muons in the harsh radiation environment expected during the HL-LHC era. Ageing studies are performed at the CERNs gamma ray irradiation facility (GIF++) by measuring the muon hit efficiency of these detectors at various LHC operation conditions. One such irradiation campaign was started in October 2017, when a spare MB2 chamber moved inside the bunker and irradiated at lower acceleration factors. Two out of twelve layers of the DT chamber were operated while being irradiated with the radioactive source and then their muon hit efficiency was calculated in coincidence with other ten layers which were kept on the standby. The chamber absorbed an integrated dose equivalent to two times the expected integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Investigation on the outgassing of cell materials and of the gas components used at the GIF++ are underway and strategies to mitigate the aging effects are also being developed. The effect of radiation on the performance of DT chamber and its impact on the overall muon reconstruction efficiency expected during the HL-LHC are presented.
Two new methods for covalent functionalization of GaN based on plasma activation of its surface are presented. Both of them allow attachment of sulfonated luminescent ruthenium(II) indicator dyes to ...the p- and n-type semiconductor as well as to the surface of nonencapsulated chips of GaN light-emitting diodes (blue LEDs). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the functionalized semiconductor confirms the formation of covalent bonds between the GaN surface and the dye. Confocal fluorescence microscopy with single-photon-timing (SPT) detection has been used for characterization of the functionalized surfaces and LED chips. While the ruthenium complex attached to p-GaN under an oxygen-free atmosphere gives significantly long mean emission lifetimes for the indicator dye (ca. 2000 ns), the n-GaN-functionalized surfaces display surprisingly low values (600 ns), suggesting the occurrence of a quenching process. A photoinduced electron injection from the dye to the semiconductor conduction band, followed by a fast back electron transfer, is proposed to be responsible for the excited ruthenium dye deactivation. This process invalidates the use of the n-GaN/dye system for sensing applications. However, for p-GaN/dye materials, the luminescence decay accelerates in the presence of O2. The moderate sensitivity is attributed to the fact that only a monolayer of indicator dye is anchored to the semiconductor surface but serves as a demonstrator device. Moreover, the luminescence decays of the functionalized LED chip measured with excitation of either an external (laser) source or the underlying LED emission (from p-GaN/InGaN quantum wells) yield the same mean luminescence lifetime. These results pave the way for using advanced LEDs to develop integrateable optochemical microsensors for gas analysis.
The COVID‐19 pandemic significates an enormous number of patients with pneumonia that get complicated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), some of them with refractory hypercapnia ...and hypoxemia that need mechanical ventilation (MV). Those patients who are not candidate to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), the extracorporeal removal of CO2 (ECCO2R) can allow ultra protective MV to limit the transpulmonary pressures and avoid ventilatory induced lung injury (VILI).
We report a first case of prolonged ECCO2R support in 38 year male with severe COVID‐19 pneumonia refractory to conventional support. He was admitted tachypneic and oxygen saturation 71% without supplementary oxygen. The patient's clinical condition worsens with severe respiratory failure, increasing the oxygen requirement and initiating MV in the prone position. After 21 days of protective MV, PaCO2 rise to 96.8 mmHg, making it necessary to connect to an ECCO2R system coupled continuous veno‐venous hemodialysis (CVVHD). However, due to the lack of availability of equipment in the context of the pandemic, a pediatric gas exchange membrane adapted to CVVHD allowed to maintain the removal of CO2 until completing 27 days, being finally disconnected from the system without complications and with a satisfactory evolution.
Keratin-based hair-straightening treatment is a popular hair-styling method. The majority of keratin-based hair-straightening products in Israel contain glycolic acid derivatives, which are ...considered safe when used topically. Systemic absorption of these products is possible, and anecdotal reports have described kidney toxicity associated with their use. We report a series of cases of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) following use of hair-straightening treatment in Israel during the past several years.
Case series.
We retrospectively identified 26 patients from 14 medical centers in Israel who experienced severe AKI and reported prior treatment with hair-straightening products in 2019-2022.
The 26 patients described had a median age of 28.5 (range, 14-58) years and experienced severe AKI following a hair-straightening procedure. The most common symptoms at presentation were nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Scalp rash was noted in 10 (38%) patients. Two patients experienced a recurrent episode of AKI following a repeat hair-straightening treatment. Seven patients underwent kidney biopsies, which demonstrated intratubular calcium oxalate deposition in 6 and microcalcification in tubular cells in 1. In all biopsies, signs of acute tubular injury were present, and an interstitial infiltrate was noted in 4 cases. Three patients required temporary dialysis.
Retrospective uncontrolled study, small number of kidney biopsies.
This series describes cases of AKI with prior exposure to hair-straightening treatments. Acute oxalate nephropathy was the dominant finding on kidney biopsies, which may be related to absorption of glycolic acid derivatives and their metabolism to oxalate. This case series suggests a potential underrecognized cause of AKI in the young healthy population. Further studies are needed to confirm this association and to assess the extent of this phenomenon as well as its pathogenesis.
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El rendimiento de los lazos de control cerrados a través de redes de comunicación puede deteriorarse debido a retardos variables de tiempo provocados por congestión y latencia en la red, y por ...procesamiento de los algoritmos de control, efecto conocido en muestreo periódico como jitter. Para remover este efecto perjudicial sobre la estabilidad/rendimiento, el método de sincronización en instantes de actuación usa un observador que estima el valor de los estados en el instante de actuación, conociendo las medidas de estos en el instante de muestreo, lo que conlleva a actuaciones estrictamente periódicas. Sin embargo, su aplicación exitosa requiere de muestras libres de ruido y procesos sin perturbación, cuestiones no alcanzables en la realidad. En este artículo se extiende el modelo mencionado al caso de condiciones no ideales de funcionamiento. En particular, se incorpora un filtro de Kalman en el modelo de actuación sincronizada, considerando que las mediciones disponibles de los estados no son periódicas. Esto plantea el problema de adaptar el filtro estándar de Kalman de tiempo discreto al caso en estudio, y decidir cuándo aplicar las fases de predicción y corrección. El beneficio inmediato es que las actuaciones sincronizadas eliminan los efectos nocivos de la incertidumbre en el tiempo y el filtro de Kalman mejora el rendimiento ante condiciones de incertidumbre en las mediciones y en el proceso.
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