The article presents a corpus-based linguistic investigation of the spelling variation in 16th century Slovene, focused on clitics and clitic-like elements. Based on a sample from three works of ...Slovene Protestant writers that was automatically modernised and then hand-corrected, cases where one original word is represented as two modernised words and vice-versa are analyzed, as well as synchronic orthographical variants of the most commonly bound clitics and their distribution, thus contributing to the general description of the spelling variation of the period.
V koalicijskih vladah stranke pogosto sklenejo koalicijske sporazume. Sporazumi imajo več funkcij, med njimi je za namen upravljanja in zagotovitve preživetja vladnih koalicijpraviloma mogoče najti ...tudi mehanizme za preprečevanje in zmanjšanje ter tudi možnosti za razreševanje konfliktov med koalicijskimi partnerji. Slovenija ima dolgoletne izkušnje s koalicijskimi vladami in številnimi konflikti v njih. Namen članka je analiza koalicijskih sporazumov v Sloveniji med letoma 1990 in 2018, še zlasti pa umestitev omenjenih mehanizmov v te sporazume. Analiza je razkrila, da je - kljub izraziti prevladi javnopolitičnega področja v koalicijskih sporazumih - v njih mogoče zaslediti tudi vedno večji poudarek na mehanizmih za preprečevanje in zmanjšanje konfliktov, v manjši meri pa so se skozi čas dodatno razvijali tudi mehanizmi razreševanja konfliktov med koalicijskimi partnerji.
The delivery of probiotics to different sites of action within the human body might help to prevent and treat several diseases. Here, we describe a microcapsule-based system for delivery of probiotic ...bacteria, as vegetative cells or spores, which promotes their prolonged survival and efficient revival, and successful colonisation of the target surface. This system is proposed for local delivery into periodontal pockets. Encapsulation of the probiotic bacteria was based on alginate crosslinking with calcium ions. This was performed by prilling the polymer dispersion supplemented with the probiotic using membrane vibration technology, followed by chitosan coating by polyelectrolyte complexation. The microcapsules were 120–150 μm in diameter, and were dried by lyophilisation. The chitosan coating increased the specific surface area and improved the bioadhesion potential, with no negative impact on viability and growth kinetics of the probiotic bacteria. Chitosan represents a barrier, which promotes sustained release of the probiotic bacteria. Vegetative bacteria were encapsulated at 2 × 108 CFU/g dry microcapsules, which represented ~5% of the prepared microcapsules, with stable viability for at least 2 months. Encapsulation of bacterial spores was greater, at 2 × 1010 CFU/g dry microcapsules, achieving 100% of microcapsules with incorporated revivable spores.
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Therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine metabolites is required for pharmacotherapy individualisation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Currently mainly hemolysates are used, requiring ...long sample preparation and showing limited analytes stability. Therefore, a quantitative LC-MS/MS method for determination of 6-thioguanine (6-TG) and 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP) in dried blood spot samples (DBS) was developed.
Analysis involves liquid extraction from 30 μL blood spot, hydrolysis and quantification with LC-MS/MS.
Method met the validation criteria in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision in a range from 50 to 5300 pmol/8 × 108 Ery for 6-TG and from 260 to 5300 pmol/8 × 108 Ery for 6-MMP. Range can be increased to 8000 pmol/8 × 108 Ery. No matrix effect was observed and the recovery was >80%. DBS specific validation parameters were confirmed: spot homogeneity, no influence of blood spot volume (>30 μL) on 6 mm DBS disk, and absence of haematocrit effect. DBS samples were stable for at least one month at temperatures from −20 to 40 °C. Clinical validation confirmed that DBS method and routine clinical method with hemolysate samples give comparable results and enable similar clinical decisions.
The newly developed DBS method is simple and presents an alternative to conventional methods for therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine metabolites.
•DBS method for measuring 6-TG and 6-MMP levels in patients with IBD was developed.•Analysis involves liquid extraction, hydrolysis and quantification with LC-MS/MS.•Method meets general and DBS specific validation criteria.•DBS method and routine method using hemolysate enable similar clinical decisions.•New DBS method is simple and presents an alternative to conventional methods.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and anaesthesia induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane on oxidative stress ...parameters in dogs with early-stage myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD). Sixteen client-owned dogs with early stage MMVD that required periodontal treatment were included in the study. After induction with propofol, anaesthesia was maintained with propofol (group P) or sevoflurane (group PS). Blood samples for determination of vitamin E, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde were collected before premedication, 5 and 60 minutes and 6 hours after induction to anaesthesia. There were no significant differences between groups in any of the oxidative stress parameters at each sampling time. Compared to basal values, vitamin E concentration decreased significantly during anaesthesia in both groups and glutathione peroxidase activity increased 60 minutes after induction to anaesthesia in PS group. Anaesthesia with propofol or with propofol and sevoflurane did not have any significant impact on oxidative stress parameters in dogs with early stage MMVD. In terms of oxidative stress, both protocols may be equally safely used in dogs with early stage MMVD.
Introduction The aim of our study was to measure fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations in captive and free-ranging male and female mountain gazelles ( Gazella gazella ) during their ...circannual cycle. In addition, FGM concentrations were used to track the intensity of the adrenocortical response in mountain gazelles during the same period. Methods Fecal samples were collected from the ground in the Hatay Mountain Gazelle Wildlife Development Area in the Hatay Province of Türkiye (36°32’ N, 36°32′ E) in each season of the year (December, April, July, September). The sex of the animals was determined by detecting the SRY gene of the Y chromosome in DNA isolated from the fecal samples. FGM was extracted from dried fecal samples with methanol, and its concentration was measured using a previously partially validated ELISA. Results and discussion The results indicate that season is the most important factor explaining the variability in FGM concentrations in mountain gazelles. In animals of both sexes, the highest concentrations of FGM were observed in September. The values were significantly higher in the captive population, perhaps due to unpredictable stress. In July, FGM concentrations were low in both populations. As a result of the overall analysis across seasons, the comparison of FGM concentrations between captive and free-ranging animals revealed higher concentrations in captive animals only in September but not in other seasons, although higher concentrations have been previously reported for several wild captive species. Due to predation risk, the presence of offspring can be considered a critical point in the biological cycle for the welfare of free-ranging mountain gazelles, as suggested by the higher FGM concentrations in the free-ranging population in July. The high number of visitors could be a challenge for mountain gazelles in captivity, as indicated by higher FGM concentrations during September. Sex had no effect on the FGM concentrations of either population.
Simulation based learning is becoming a crucial part in ECMO education. Simulation can provide a safe but also very realistic learning experience depending on simulation fidelity. In our institution ...we developed a simulation based ECMO training program that incorporates low- and high-fidelity simulation. Aim of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of low- and high-fidelity simulation teaching strategies in ECMO novices. We conducted four consecutive ECMO training courses that included fifty-one ECMO novices. We describe ECMO training execution and evaluate training effectiveness and perception by structured pre- and post-training questionnaires analysis. Results of our study show extremely high satisfaction rate with simulation training (4.9 ± 0.3, Lickert 5 point scale). High-fidelity simulation was perceived as very realistic and as such represents an important tool in learning immersion and experience. However, participants reported significant decline from their expectations with regard to structured approach to troubleshooting (4.7 ± 0.5 vs 4.3 ± 0.7,
p
= 0.02) and efficiency improvement (4.7 ± 0.5 vs 4.3 ± 0.6,
p
= 0.002) after high-fidelity simulation. There was also a significant decline from their expectation on self-confidence improvement (4.7 ± 0.5 vs 4.2 ± 0.7,
p
= 0.001). Our results therefore show, that complex high-fidelity simulation should probably be used with caution in novice participants, not to discourage them from further learning.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a therapeutic renal diet on selected clinical, biochemical, and urinary parameters and on selected parameters of oxidative stress in cats with ...early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A prospective study of a 3-month duration was conducted to evaluate the effect of renal diet on selected clinical and laboratory parameters in client-owned cats with early stages of CKD. Of a total of 29 enrolled client-owned cats, nineteen (19) cats completed the study, ten receiving renal diet and nine receiving a diet of the owner’s choice. A clinical examination was performed, and blood and urine samples were collected on the day of presentation and at regular check-ups after 3-4, 7-8, and 10-12 weeks. Serum creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations and selected parameters of oxidative stress (plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum selenium concentrations), were measured and electrophoresis of urinary proteins was performed. At inclusion, a significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) was found between serum selenium concentration and plasma GPX activity (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.83 (95% CI: 0.65 - 0.92) and a significant negative correlation (p < 0.001) between serum SDMA and urine specific gravity (Pearson correlation coefficient -0.70 (95% CI: -0.87 - (-0.38)). At the end of the 3-month feeding trial no significant difference was found in SDMA and creatinine concentrations.
UČINEK MONOTERAPEVTSKE LEDVIČNE DIETE NA KLINIČNE, BIOKEMIJSKE, URINSKE IN SERUMSKE PARAMETRE OKSIDATIVNEGA STRESA PRI MAČKAH S CDK STOPNJE 1 IN 2
Izvleček: Namen študije je bil raziskati učinek terapevtske ledvične diete na izbrane klinične, biokemijske in urinske parametre ter parametre oksidativnega stresa pri mačkah v začetnih stopnjah kronične ledvične bolezni (KLB). Raziskava je bila zasnovana kot prospektivna, tri mesece trajajoča klinična študija, v katero je bilo vključenih 29 lastniških mačk. Devetnajst mačk je zaključilo študijo, od teh jih je deset prejemalo ledvično dieto, devet pa vzdrževalno dieto po izboru lastnika. Pri vseh mačkah smo izvedli klinični pregled in odvzem krvnih ter urinskih vzorcev na dan vključitve v študijo in pri treh kontrolnih pregledih, ki so bili izvedeni 3–4, 7–8 in 10–12 tednov kasneje. Določili smo serumsko koncentracijo kreatinina, simetričnega dimetilarginina (SDMA) in izbrane parametre oksidativnega stresa (aktivnost plazemske glutation peroksidaze (GPX) in plazemska koncentracija malondialdehida (MDA) ter serumska koncentracija selena). Poleg tega smo izvedli elektroforezo urinskih proteinov. Ob vključitvi mačk v raziskavo smo ugotovili značilno pozitivno korelacijo (p < 0,001) med serumsko koncentracijo selena in aktivnostjo plazemske GPX (Pearsonov korelacijski koeficient 0,83, 95 % CI: 0,65–0,92) ter značilno negativno korealcijo (p < 0,001) med koncentracijo SDMA in specifično težo urina (Pearsonov korelacijski koeficient –0,70 (95 % CI: –0,87–(–0,38)). Trimesečno hranjenje s terapevtsko hrano ni privedlo do značilnih sprememb v serumski koncentraciji SDMA in kreatinina pri vključenih mačkah.
Ključne besede: klinični parametri; simetrični dimetilarginin; oksidativni stres; ledvična dieta; mačke; kronična ledvična bolezen; elektroforeza urinskih proteinov
The effects of antioxidant supplements on exercise-induced oxidative stress have not been investigated in untrained leisure horses. We investigated the effects of 14-day supplementation with vitamin ...E (1.8 IU/kg/day), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10; ubiquinone; 800 mg/day), and a combination of both (the same doses as in mono-supplementation) on the blood levels of CoQ10, vitamin E, and oxidative stress parameters in untrained leisure horses subjected to acute moderate exercise. Correlations between lipid peroxidation and muscle enzyme leakage were also determined. Forty client-owned horses were included in the study, with 10 horses in each of the antioxidant and placebo (paraffin oil) groups. Blood parameters were measured before supplementation, before and immediately after exercise, and after 24 h of rest. The differences in individual parameters between blood collection times and groups were analysed with linear mixed models (p ˂ 0.05). None of the supplemented antioxidants affected vitamin E and CoQ10 concentrations, oxidative stress parameters, or serum muscle enzymes. Lipid peroxidation occurred in horses supplemented with placebo and CoQ10 but not in horses supplemented with vitamin E or the combination of both antioxidants. These results suggest that vitamin E alone or in combination with CoQ10 prevented lipid peroxidation in untrained leisure horses subjected to acute moderate exercise.
A new environmental friendly technology was developed for the preparation of highly crystalline binder-free zeolite ZSM-5 granules. It comprises a preparation of amorphous aluminosilicate granules by ...using inexpensive industrial reactants like sodium water glass and sodium aluminate without the use of organic structure directing agents. Dried aluminosilicate gel was compacted in granules by using sodium water glass as a “pseudo-binder”. Zeolite ZSM-5 granules were prepared by hydrothermal crystallization at 180 °C after 24 h by using lifted set-up reactor in 0.01 M NaOH comprising 10 wt% of amorphous aluminosilicate granules. The influence of crystallization temperature and time, SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of reactants and relationship between the amount of amorphous aluminosilicate granules and NaOH medium during hydrothermal treatment on the crystallization process of granulated ZSM-5 product were monitored and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope, and N2 physisorption technique. The presented procedure enabled more than doubled increase of the synthesis product yield, which positively impacts the economy and ecology of the production process.
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•A new technology for the preparation of binder-free ZSM-5 granules was developed.•Low-cost industrial reactants like sodium water glass and sodium aluminate were used.•Sodium water glass acted as a reactant, a wetting agent and a “pseudo-binder”.•Hydrothermal crystallization of amorphous aluminosilicate granules in NaOH medium.•Lifted set-up reactor was developed and the product yield was increased.
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