Experiments were performed to study the effects of short and long-term exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) on a freshwater crustacean isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.). Two life stages of isopods were exposed ...to a range of BPA concentrations, from aqueous and two dietary sources, in the form of with BPA spiked conditioned alder leaf (Alnus glutinosa) discs, or spiked formulated sediment, to determine the relative importance of each source of exposure on the uptake of this contaminant. Several lethal and sublethal endpoints were evaluated in this study to measure the potential effects of BPA on A. aquaticus, including mortality, growth and feeding rate inhibition, mobility inhibition, de-pigmentation and molting disturbances. They signify a correlation to BPA levels and a difference in BPA uptake efficiency from different uptake sources. Results of acute exposure to BPA show a greater sensitivity of test systems using juvenile specimens with a 96h LC50 of 8.6mgL−1 BPA in water medium and a 96h LC50 of 13.5mgL−1 BPA in sediment. In comparison, adult isopods show a 96h LC50 of 25.1mgL−1 BPA in water medium and a 96h LC50 of 65.1mgL−1 BPA in sediment. Observed endpoints of chronic exposures suggest the alder leave discs to be the most efficient uptake source of BPA, in contrast to uptake from water or heterogeneous sediment. Significant (p<0.05) growth inhibition, with a 21d NOEC of 0.5/2.5mgL−1 (for juvenile/adult organisms), and feeding rate inhibition, with a 21d NOEC of 0.5/1.0mgL−1 (for juvenile/adult organisms), were proven to be the most sensitive toxicity endpoints. An even more sensitive effect turned out to be molting frequency, which was significantly reduced; a 21d NOEC was 1.0mgL−1 of BPA for adult organisms and an even lower 21d NOEC of 0.05mgL−1 of BPA for juveniles. The observed endpoints are recorded at very low, non-toxic exposure concentrations, indicating that BPA acts as an endocrine disrupting compound, as well as a toxic substance. We also determined the importance of the direct dietary uptake of the pollutants, significant for juveniles as well as adult animals.
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•Toxic and endocrine disrupting effects of BPA on Asellus aquaticus were evaluated.•The effects intensity depends on exposure time, life stage, and BPA uptake route.•Most efficient BPA uptake was from feeding with contaminated alder leaves.•Molting was identified as most sensitive endocrine disruption endpoints.•Growth and feeding rate were identified as most sensitive toxicity endpoints.
In the present study a biological “in vivo” assay, with freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus, was used to define and evaluate the potential impact of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) wastewaters ...on local wildlife. Samples of both untreated and mechanically and biologically treated WWTP wastewater, were tested in the presence and absence of the formulated sediment for their lethal and sublethal effects. Chronic exposures to wastewater samples caused concentration dependent reduced locomotion, body pigmentation and molting frequency in exposed organisms. The observed effects indicate the overall toxicity and endocrine disruption of the wastewater samples. In contrast stimulations of the feeding rate and growth rate of the test organisms during the chronic exposure to sublethal levels of wastewater samples were observed, indicating an improvement in nutritional quality of the wastewater. The most sensitive exposure endpoint was molting frequency of tested organisms, which indicated the presence of estrogenically active endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Raw wastewater caused up to 42% molting frequency reduction of exposed A. aquaticus when exposed to five times diluted untreated wastewater sample, while undiluted treated wastewater caused a 61% molting frequency reduction. The presence of estrogenically active compounds in the wastewater was confirmed with the yeast estrogen screen assay (YES test), which assigned the highest estrogenic activity to a mechanically and biologically treated wastewater sample, and lower estrogenic activity to all other tested samples. The importance of presence of the formulated sediment was determined, as it lessened the effects of all WWTP wastewater samples in all observed exposures.
•Toxic and endocrine disrupting effects of WWTP wastewaters were evaluated.•A high toxicity towards Asellus aquaticus was caused by WWTP influents.•WWTP effluents were less toxic, however higher estrogenic activity was observed.•Presence of sediment reduced adverse effects on test organism.•The most sensitive endpoints indicating the estrogenic activity, was molting.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor with adverse oestrogen-like effects eliciting adverse effects in humans and wildlife. For this reason it is necessary to set up an efficient ...removal of BPA from wastewaters, before they are discharged into surface waters. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of BPA removal from aqueous samples with photolytic, photocatalytic, and UV/H2O2 oxidation. BPA solutions were illuminated with different bulbs (halogen; 17 W UV, 254 nm; and 150 W UV, 365 nm) with or without the TiO
P-25 catalyst or H
(to accelerate degradation). Acute toxicity and oestrogenic activity of treated samples were determined using luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), water fleas (Daphnia magna), zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio), and Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) assay with genetically modified yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results confirmed that BPA is toxic and oestrogenically active. Chemical analysis showed a reduction of BPA levels after photolytic treatment and 100 % conversion of BPA by photocatalytic and UV/H
oxidation. The toxicity and oestrogenic activity of BPA were largely reduced in photolytically treated samples. Photocatalytic oxidation, however, either did not reduce BPA toxic and oestrogenic effects or even increased them in comparison with the baseline, untreated BPA solution. Our findings suggest that chemical analysis is not sufficient to determine the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes in removing pollutants from water and needs to be complemented with biological tests.
A je dobro poznan motilec endokrinega sistema z estrogensko aktivnostjo in škodljivimi učinki na ljudi in živali. Zaradi tega se pojavlja potreba po učinkovitem odstranjevanju BPA iz odpadnih voda. V raziskavi smo proučevali učinkovitost odstranjevanja BPA iz vodnih vzorcev s procesi fotolitske, fotokatalitske in UV/H
oksidacije. Med poskusom smo vodne vzorce osvetljevali s tremi različnimi žarnicami (halogensko, 17 W UV, 254 nm in 150 W UV, 365 nm). V procesih foto(kata)litske oksidacije smo uporabili H
in katalizator TiO
P-25 (Degussa). Akutno strupenost in estrogensko aktivnost BPA ter tretiranih vzorcev smo določili s testi strupenosti na luminiscentne bakterije (Vibrio fischeri), vodne bolhe (Daphnia magna), zarodke cebric (Danio rerio) in YES testom z gensko spremenjenimi kvasovkami Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rezultati so pokazali, da je BPA za vodne organizme strupen in estrogensko aktiven. Kemijske analize so pokazale zmanjšanje vsebnosti BPA po fotolitski oksidaciji in popolno odstranitev BPA iz vodnih vzorcev po fotokatalitski oksidaciji in UV/H
O oksidaciji. Strupenost in estrogenska aktivnost sta se zmanjšali pri vzorcih, tretiranih s fotolitsko oksidacijo, sorazmerno z zmanjšanjem vsebnosti BPA. Pri fotokatalitsko tretiranih vzorcih se kljub popolni pretvorbi BPA strupenost in estrogenska aktivnost nista zmanjšali ali pa sta se celo zvišali v primerjavi z izhodnim vzorcem. Ugotovili smo, da ugotavljanje učinkovitosti odstranjevanja BPA iz vodnih vzorcev z naprednimi oksidacijskimi procesi z uporabo kemijskih analiz ne zadostuje. Potrebna so biološka testiranja, ki dokažejo morebitno preostalo strupenost in estrogensko aktivnost obdelanih vzorcev.
Three types of multi-mesh benthic survey gillnets were tested for their performance in the uniform muddy bottom habitat of the Bay of Piran. We describe the compared methods, present their positive ...and negative aspects and suggest a sampling design that could be used with different research goals. The research sampling was performed in winter in the years from 2010 to 2012. The sampling site is situated close to a sea bass rearing fish farm in the Northern Adriatic Sea. With the Nordic 1.5 type nets 5 species were detected compared to the 23 and 20 species detected with the Adriatic 2.5 and 5.0 nets. In the Nordic 1.5 type nets only demersal species were caught and even for those a much greater sampling effort would be required to reach a representative sample. On the other hand, both the Adriatic type nets also caught benthopelagic and pelagic species, and a correlation between net height and size of fish in these two nets was detected. While both the Adriatic type nets proved successful in achieving a representative sample of fish assemblage, the Adriatic 2.5 nets performed better in terms of CPUE and as such also reached a better cost-benefit ratio.Original Abstract: Tri vrste jednostrukih mreza stajacica razlicitih velicina oka su testirane na uniformnom muljevitom dnu Piranskog zaljeva. U radu su opisane i usporedene metode, predstavljeni njihovi pozitivni i negativni aspekti te predlozen plan uzorkovanja koji bi se mogao koristiti za razlicite istrazivacke ciljeve. Istrazivacko uzorkovanje se odvijalo zimi u razdoblju od 2010. do 2012. godine, a uzorkovalo se u neposrednoj blizini uzgajalista lubina u sjevernom dijelu Jadranskog mora. U Nordijskom 1.5 tipu mreza nadeno je 5 vrsta organizama, u odnosu na 23 u Jadranskom 2.5, te 20 vrsta nadenih u Jadranskom 5.0 tipu mreze. Nadalje, u Nordijskom 1.5 tipu mreze su uhvacene samo pridnene vrste organizama, s tim da je do reprezentativnog uzorka bilo puno teze doci. S druge strane, u oba Jadranska tipa mreza su nadene bentopelagicne i pelagicne vrste riba, te je utvrdena korelacija izmedu visine mreze i velicine riba. Premda se s obje vrste mreza Jadranskog tipa relativno lako doslo do reprezentativnog uzorka, Jadranska 2.5 mreza je dala bolje rezultate s obzirom na CPUE te tako postigla bolji omjer ulozenog i dobivenog.
Tri vrste jednostrukih mreža stajačica različitih veličina oka su testirane na uniformnom muljevitom dnu Piranskog zaljeva. U radu su opisane i uspoređene metode, predstavljeni njihovi pozitivni i ...negativni aspekti te predložen plan uzorkovanja koji bi se mogao koristiti za različite istraživačke ciljeve. Istraživačko uzorkovanje se odvijalo zimi u razdoblju od 2010. do 2012. godine, a uzorkovalo se u neposrednoj blizini uzgajališta lubina u sjevernom dijelu Jadranskog mora. U Nordijskom 1.5 tipu mreža nađeno je 5 vrsta organizama, u odnosu na 23 u Jadranskom 2.5, te 20 vrsta nađenih u Jadranskom 5.0 tipu mreže. Nadalje, u Nordijskom 1.5 tipu mreže su uhvaćene samo pridnene vrste organizama, s tim da je do reprezentativnog uzorka bilo puno teže doći. S druge strane, u oba Jadranska tipa mreža su nađene bentopelagične i pelagične vrste riba, te je utvrđena korelacija između visine mreže i veličine riba. Premda se s obje vrste mreža Jadranskog tipa relativno lako došlo do reprezentativnog uzorka, Jadranska 2.5 mreža je dala bolje rezultate s obzirom na CPUE te tako postigla bolji omjer uloženog i dobivenog.
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