This article reviews the literature on the relatively new field of materials development for language learning and teaching. It reports the origins and development of the field and then reviews the ...literature on the evaluation, adaptation, production and exploitation of learning materials. It also reviews the literature, first, on a number of controversial issues in the field, next, on electronic delivery of materials and, third, on research in materials development. It identifies gaps in the literature and makes proposals for future progress in materials development and in the research within the field. Much of the literature focuses on materials for learning English but the same principles apply to materials for learning any L2, as has been acknowledged by some of the authors whose publications focus on materials for learning other languages.
Salt-sensitive hypertension (SSH) is characterized by impaired sodium excretion and subnormal vasodilatory response to salt loading. Sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) was hypothesized to increase ...natriuresis and diuresis and result in superior blood pressure control compared with valsartan in Asian patients with SSH. In this randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 72 patients with SSH received sacubitril/valsartan 400 mg and valsartan 320 mg once daily for 4 weeks each. SSH was diagnosed if the mean arterial pressure increased by ≥10% when patients switched from low (50 mmol/d) to high (320 mmol/d) sodium diet. The primary outcome was cumulative 6- and 24-hour sodium excretion after first dose administration. Compared with valsartan, sacubitril/valsartan was associated with a significant increase in natriuresis (adjusted treatment difference: 24.5 mmol/6 hours, 50.3 mmol/24 hours, both P<0.001) and diuresis (adjusted treatment difference: 291.2 mL/6 hours, P<0.001; 356.4 mL/24 hours, P=0.002) on day 1, but not on day 28, and greater reductions in office and ambulatory blood pressure on day 28. Despite morning dosing of both drugs, ambulatory blood pressure reductions were more pronounced at nighttime than at daytime or the 24-hour average. Compared with valsartan, sacubitril/valsartan significantly reduced N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels on day 28 (adjusted treatment difference: -20%; P=0.001). Sacubitril/valsartan and valsartan were safe and well tolerated with no significant changes in body weight or serum sodium and potassium levels with either treatments. In conclusion, sacubitril/valsartan compared with valsartan was associated with short-term increases in natriuresis and diuresis, superior office and ambulatory blood pressure control, and significantly reduced N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels in Asian patients with SSH.
URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01681576.
Abstract Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a dominantly inherited disorder present from birth that markedly elevates plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and causes premature ...coronary heart disease. There are at least 20 million people with FH worldwide, but the majority remain undetected and current treatment is often suboptimal. To address this major gap in coronary prevention we present, from an international perspective, consensus-based guidance on the care of FH. The guidance was generated from seminars and workshops held at an international symposium. The recommendations focus on the detection, diagnosis, assessment and management of FH in adults and children, and set guidelines for clinical purposes. They also refer to best practice for cascade screening and risk notifying and testing families for FH, including use of genetic testing. Guidance on treatment is based on risk stratification, management of non-cholesterol risk factors, and safe and effective use of LDL lowering therapies. Recommendations are given on lipoprotein apheresis. The use of emerging therapies for FH is also foreshadowed. This international guidance acknowledges evidence gaps, but aims to make the best use of contemporary practice and technology to achieve the best outcomes for the care of FH. It should accordingly be employed to inform clinical judgement and be adjusted for country-specific and local health care needs and resources.
Statins are the cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Rosuvastatin and pitavastatin are the two recently developed statins with less potential for drug ...interaction resulting in improved safety profiles.
This review summarizes the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. The materials reviewed were identified by searching PubMed for publications using 'rosuvastatin', 'pitavastatin', 'statins', 'pharmacokinetics' and 'drug interaction' as the search terms.
Rosuvastatin and pitavastatin have favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles as their disposition does not depend on or is only marginally influenced by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, thus potentially reducing the risk of drug-drug interactions of these two statins with other drugs known to inhibit CYP enzymes. However, drug transporters play a significant role in the disposition of rosuvastatin and pitavastatin and drug interactions may occur through these. Genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters may also affect the pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and/or the lipid-lowering effect of these statins to a different extent.
There have been a number of books published on various aspects of materials development for language teaching but Developing Materials for Language Teaching is the only one which provides a ...comprehensive coverage of the main aspects and issues in the field. This second edition brings it completely up to date and expands on the original book. It deals with advances in IT and an increasingly globalized world.It is the only publication which views current developments in materials development through the eyes of developers and users of materials from all over the world. In doing so it applies principles to practice in ways demonstrated to facilitate the effectiveness of language learning materials.The chapters are written so that the book provides critical overviews of recent developments in materials development and at the same time acts as a stimulus for development and innovation in the field. It is intended both for use as a course book on postgraduate and teacher training courses and as a resource for the stimulus and refreshment of teachers, publishers and applied linguists in the field.The book contains updated versions of many of the chapters in the 2003 edition plus new chapters on corpus-informed materials development, materials development for blended learning, materials development for EAP, materials development for ESOL and materials development for young learners.
Various herbal medicines are thought to be useful in the management of cardiometabolic disease and its risk factors. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. (Ganodermataceae), also known as Lingzhi, has ...received considerable attention for various indications, including some related to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disease by ameliorating major cardiovascular risk factors.
This review focuses on the major studies of the whole plant, plant extract, and specific active compounds isolated from G. lucidum in relation to the main risk factors for cardiometabolic disease.
References from major databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were compiled. The search terms used were Ganoderma lucidum, Lingzhi, Reishi, cardiovascular, hypoglycaemic, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory.
A number of in vitro studies and in vivo animal models have found that G. lucidum possesses antioxidative, antihypertensive, hypoglycaemic, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory properties, but the health benefits in clinical trials are inconsistent. Among these potential health benefits, the most compelling evidence thus far is its hypoglycaemic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes or hyperglycaemia.
The inconsistent evidence about the potential health benefits of G. lucidum is possibly because of the use of different Ganoderma formulations and different study populations. Further large controlled clinical studies are therefore needed to clarify the potential benefits of G. lucidum preparations standardised by known active components in the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
In the era of precision medicine, treatments that target specific modifiable characteristics of high-risk patients have the potential to lower further the residual risk of atherosclerotic ...cardiovascular events. Correction of atherogenic dyslipidemia, however, remains a major unmet clinical need. Elevated plasma triglycerides, with or without low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), offer a key modifiable component of this common dyslipidemia, especially in insulin resistant conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The development of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulators (SPPARMα) offers an approach to address this treatment gap. This Joint Consensus Panel appraised evidence for the first SPPARMα agonist and concluded that this agent represents a novel therapeutic class, distinct from fibrates, based on pharmacological activity, and, importantly, a safe hepatic and renal profile. The ongoing PROMINENT cardiovascular outcomes trial is testing in 10,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of HDL-C whether treatment with this SPPARMα agonist safely reduces residual cardiovascular risk.
Hyperlipidemia-induced oxidative stress is considered to be one of the main pathogenic factors that contribute to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Sirtuin ...3 (Sirt3) is abundantly expressed in the mitochondria as an NAD
-dependent deacetylase and regulates mitochondrial adaptive responses to oxidative stress. We examined the antioxidant defense mechanism of Sirt3 in pancreatic beta cells in the context of hyperlipidemia.
Chronic high-fat diet (HFD) feeding caused elevated oxidative stress accompanied by reduced Sirt3 expression in the pancreatic beta cells of wild-type mice. Primary pancreatic islets of Sirt3 knockout (KO) mice and murine pancreatic MIN6 cells with downregulated Sirt3 expression showed increased superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) acetylation and reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose-stimulated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. Moreover, Sirt3 deficiency sensitized the pancreatic islets and MIN6 cells to palmitate- and H
O
-induced beta cell dysfunction linked with aggravated c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation and cleaved caspase-3 expression. These negative effects were reversed by antioxidant chemical treatment or restoration of Sirt3 in KO islets. Finally, overexpression of Sirt3 in MIN6 cells partially rescued palmitate-induced reactive oxygen species generation, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx-1) nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation, and beta cell dysfunction.
We present that Sirt3 expression protected pancreatic beta cells from lipotoxicity by antagonizing oxidative stress-induced cell damage.
These results suggest that Sirt3 may be a target for amelioration of beta cell dysfunction due to obesity and T2D. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 962-976.
This volume represents a unique addition to the growing body of empirical literature on materials development, adopting a reverse approach to the topic. Rather than applying 'theory to practice', ...practitioners and researchers from 11 countries reappraise applied linguistics theories through practice. The book also provides evidence for the diversity of materials development around the globe at different levels for different specialities and for different purposes. Each chapter surveys the relevant literature (such as task-based learning and language and culture), describes a specific research project, reports the results of the project, and discusses the implications of these results for the development of materials both in the local context and in general. After each section there are editorial comments highlighting the issues emerging from the research, and there is a conclusion which connects the findings of the various chapters and makes suggestions both for future research and for the principled development of materials for L2 learners. The book will be suitable for teachers, materials developers, academics and students in post-graduate courses in applied linguistics, in TEFL/TESOL and in the teaching of other languages as an L2.
PDF
