•Ionic and hydrogen bonds had little participation in wheat gluten gel formation.•Disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions contributed to gel formation.•Wheat gluten unfolded and reorganized ...during gelation.•A three-dimensional network formed at gelling temperatures greater than 60°C.
In order to elucidate the heat-induced wheat gluten gel formation mechanism, changes in chemical interactions and protein conformation were investigated during gelation. The contribution of ionic and hydrogen bonds were found to decrease from 0.746 and 4.133g/L to 0.397 and 2.733g/L, respectively, as the temperature increased from 25 to 90°C. Moreover, the free SH content remarkably decreased from 37.91 to 19.79μmol/g during gelation. Ultraviolet absorption spectra and intrinsic fluorescence spectra suggested that wheat gluten unfolded during the heating process. In addition, wheat gluten gels treated at 80 and 90°C exhibited a “steric hindrance” effect, which can be attributed to the formation of aggregates. Fourier transform infrared spectra suggested that the random coil content increased at low temperatures (40 and 50°C), whereas the content of intermolecular β-sheets due to protein aggregation increased from 38.10% to 44.28% when the gelation temperature was 90°C.
The advent of click chemistry has had a profound impact on many fields and fueled a need for reliable reactions to expand the click chemistry toolkit. However, developing new systems to fulfill the ...click chemistry criteria remains highly desirable yet challenging. Here, we report the development of light-induced primary amines and o-nitrobenzyl alcohols cyclization (PANAC) as a photoclick reaction via primary amines as direct click handle, to rapid and modular functionalization of diverse small molecules and native biomolecules. With intrinsic advantages of temporal control, good biocompatibility, reliable chemoselectivity, excellent efficiency, readily accessible reactants, operational simplicity and mild conditions, the PANAC photoclick is robust for direct diversification of pharmaceuticals and biorelevant molecules, lysine-specific modifications of unprotected peptides and native proteins in vitro, temporal profiling of endogenous kinases and organelle-targeted labeling in living systems. This strategy provides a versatile platform for organic synthesis, bioconjugation, medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and materials science.
In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy output feedback control approach is proposed for single-input-single-output nonlinear systems without the measurements of the states. The nonlinear systems addressed ...in this paper are assumed to possess unmodeled dynamics in the presence of unstructured uncertainties and dynamic disturbances, where the unstructured uncertainties are not linearly parameterized, and no prior knowledge of their bounds are available. Fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate the unstructured uncertainties, and a state observer is developed to estimate the unmeasured states. By combining the backstepping technique with the small-gain approach, a stable adaptive fuzzy output feedback control method is proposed. It is shown that by applying the proposed adaptive fuzzy control approach, the closed-loop systems are semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated from simulation results.
Background
Gastric epithelial barrier disruption constitutes a crucial step in gastric cancer (GC). We investigated these disruptions during the Correa's cascade timeline to correlate epithelial ...barrier dysfunction.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted as a single‐center, non‐randomized clinical trial in China from May 2019 to October 2022. Patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), low‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN), and intramucosal carcinoma underwent probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE). The pCLE scoring system was used to assess gastric epithelial barrier disruption semi‐quantitatively.
Results
We enrolled 95 patients who underwent a pCLE examination. The control group consisted of 15 individuals, and the experimental group included 17 patients with CAG, 27 patients with GIM, 20 patients with LGIN, and 16 patients with early gastric cancer (EGC). Apart from CAG, which showed no significant difference compared to the control group, a significantly higher incidence of gastric epithelial barrier damage was found in the GIM, LGIN, and EGC groups compared to the control group (Kruskal–Wallis H test = 69.295, p < 0.001). There is no difference in LGIN patients between GIM and LGIN areas, and there is no difference between the two groups compared with the EGC group. The intestinal metaplasia area in LGIN patients causes more severe gastric epithelial damage compared to that in non‐LGIN patients. Additionally, compared to control group, a significant difference (p < 0.001) was noted between individuals with Helicobacter pylori‐positive atrophic gastritis and those with IM, whereas no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed among individuals with H. pylori‐negative atrophic gastritis.
Conclusions
The gastric epithelial barrier remains dysfunctional from the initiation of H. pylori infection to GC progression. Beyond the “point of no return,” subsequent carcinogenesis processes may be attributed to other mechanisms.
This article presents a novel triband dual-polarized shared-aperture antenna with frequency-selective function for sub-6 GHz base station applications. The proposed antenna is composed of a ...dual-polarized square loop antenna with two parasitic loops for 2G/3G/4G (1710-2690 MHz) and a differentially fed dual-polarized planar antenna for 5G (3300-3600 and 4800-5000 MHz) base station applications. These two antennas are placed coaxially but different altitudes for saving the installation space. In order to achieve good individual performance for these two antennas in the same aperture without interference or blocking, the lower band (LB) antenna is designed as a frequency-selective surface (FSS) for the nether mid/upper bands (M/UBs) antenna. The measured results show that the proposed antenna achieves a high port isolation (>20 dB) between LB and M/UBs and a −10-dB impedance bandwidth of 50.4% (1.60-2.70 GHz), 14.9% (3.28-3.80 GHz), and 8.6% (4.75-5.18 GHz). To further validate the design concept, an antenna array composed of four LB elements and eight M/UBs elements with the corresponding spacing is fabricated and measured, which demonstrates the application of the triband shared-aperture antenna in array form.
It is generally supposed that a transition from the normal decay phase (decay slope ∼−1) to a steeper phase (decay slope ∼−2) could be suggested as a jet break. The jet opening angle θjet is then ...calculated from the jet break time of the afterglow light curve. This allows the derivation of the collimation-corrected energy Ejet of those gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We extensively searched for the GRBs with jet break features from multiwavelength afterglow light curves, and 138 GRBs with significant breaks were collected. The jet break times of those GRBs mainly range from 1000 to 106 s, and the distribution of the collimation-corrected energy Ejet peaks at ∼1050 erg. We also confirmed the Eγ,iso−Ep,i, Ejet−Ep,i and Eγ,iso−θjet relations, and found Eγ,iso−Tj,z−Ep,i relation remains tight with more multiwavelength data. This tight Eγ,iso−Tj,z−Ep,i relation is also conformed by different groups of our selected GRBs in the paper. In addition, another two new and tighter correlations among Ejet−Tj,z−Ep,i are well confirmed for different circumburst mediums in this paper. We suggest that those tight three-parameter correlations are more physical, and could be widely applied to constrain the cosmological parameters.
This article considers a fuzzy adaptive event-triggered control design problem for electro-hydraulic systems. The addressed electro-hydraulic system contains immeasurable states and unknown nonlinear ...dynamics. Fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are utilized to model the controlled electro-hydraulic system, and a state observer is formulated to get the estimations of the immeasurable states. Subsequently, a novel event-triggered strategy is introduced by using first-order filter technique, which can reduce the frequent updating of the voltage input. Then, by constructing composite Lyapunov functions, an observer-based fuzzy adaptive event-triggered control method is presented. The stability of the controlled electro-hydraulic system and the convergence of the tracking error are proved. Finally, the computer-simulated studies confirm the effectiveness of the presented control method.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel type of endogenous RNAs with covalently closed-loop structures, have become a new research hotspot in the RNA world. Their diversity, stability, evolutionary ...conservation, and cell type- or tissue-specific expression patterns endow circRNAs with various important biological functions. As a consequence, circRNAs are emerging as important regulators of physiological development and disease pathogenesis. Growing evidence has shown that circRNAs can regulate parental gene expression through diverse mechanisms, such as transcription and splicing regulation, microRNA (miRNA) sponges, mRNA traps, translational modulation, and post-translational modification. The study of circRNAs and how circRNAs regulate the expression of parental genes will facilitate a deeper understanding of their biological functions and provide new perspectives on their clinical application. Herein, we review the biogenesis of circRNAs, with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms of circRNAs regulating their parental gene expression and the biological significance of such regulation.
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circRNAs are covalently closed continuous loops that exhibit multiple biological functions. This review summarizes recent advances in circRNAs’ regulatory roles in parental gene expression, including transcription and splicing regulation, ceRNA mechanisms, mRNA traps, and translational/post-translational regulation. It may provide new perspectives for the understanding and further investigation of circRNAs.
The universal approximation theorem of the fuzzy logic systems (FLS) is utilized to develop an adaptive control scheme for a class of nonlinear MIMO systems by the backstepping technique. The MIMO ...systems consist of some subsystems and each subsystem is able to be reputed as non-affine pure-feedback structure. The external disturbances appear in each equation of each subsystem and the disturbance coefficients are assumed to be unknown functions rather than constant one. The two main advantages of the developed scheme are that (1) it does not require a priori knowledge of the signs of the control gains and (2) only one parameter is needed to be adjusted online in controller design procedure for each subsystem. It is proven that, under the appropriate assumptions, the developed scheme can achieve that all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded and the tracking errors converge to a small neighborhood around zero. Effectiveness of the developed scheme is illustrated by the simulation example.
To improve tofu quality, the effects of using 0.12–0.18 g/100 mL citric acid, l-(-)-malic acid, or tartaric acid as coagulation agents were investigated. The results showed that storage modulus, ...hardness, water-holding capacity, non-freezable water content, and in-gel hydrophobic interactions were optimal when tofu was prepared with 0.14 g/100 mL organic acids, but deteriorated when more than 0.16 g/100 mL was used. Slower acidification during gelling in the presence of 0.14 g/100 mL organic acid promoted protein–protein hydrophobic interactions, resulting in a higher elastic modulus. Moreover, the tofu products showed higher water-holding capacity and non-freezable water content, as well as more compact gel microstructures. Notably, tofu prepared with citric or l-(-)-malic acid was of better quality than tofu prepared with tartaric acid. Collectively, the results demonstrate that soft or firm tofu with desirable physicochemical properties can be prepared with organic acids if acidification is adequately controlled during gelation.
•Acidification rate during coagulation critically impacts tofu quality.•Gentler acidification promotes hydrophobic interactions.•Stronger hydrophobic interactions increase non-freezable water content.•Stronger hydrophobic interactions also improve tofu texture.•Stronger protein-protein interactions generate a more compact tofu microstructure.
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