The Proper Noun and Its Meaning Rebollo Torio, Miguel A
Anuario de estudios filológicos,
01/1995, Letnik:
18
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The proper-common noun distinction is studied, & the phonological, graphemic, & grammatical (gender, number, & definite article use) properties of proper nouns are investigated using Spanish ...material. The denotation-connotation dichotomy is addressed as the central issue underlying the debate on the form & meaning of the proper noun, & the question of translatability is examined as a corollary of this antithesis. It is concluded that the denotation-connotation test applied to proper nouns is based on a misguided conception of language & the supposed mutual exclusion of denotation vs connotation. It is argued that proper nouns denote on the level of language system (langue) & connote on the level of discourse (parole). Z. Dubiel
Studies of the interjection as a part of speech & a form class related to the onomatopoeia are surveyed, & proposals to distinguish proper & improper interjections according to their phonetic form in ...Spanish are evaluated. Contemporary dictionaries are consulted to differentiate standard variants from several colloquial varieties, & the transcription of the phonetic "strangeness" of some interjections violating graphemic combinations in Spanish is examined. It is concluded that neither phonetic nor orthographic oddities can be ascribed to interjections as these "deviations" can be accounted for by the instability of this part of speech in the language system, caused by its functioning primarily in the domain of discourse where it draws on the richness of expressive resources. Z. Dubiel
Frequency data of the nine STRs included in the Amp
FlSTR Profiler Plus Kit were determined in a sample of 114 unrelated individuals from Murcia region (SE Spain).
Nicknames are examined as proper vs common nouns, & it is concluded that they constitute a subclass of personal names as they share features with both appellatives & names. Spanish material is used ...to shown that nicknames differ from common nouns in their unique denotativeness, restrictions on article occurrence, & inability to receive apposition incidence or specific relative clauses. However, nicknames differ from anthroponyms in motivation, unlimited creativity, translatability, & affiliation to a form class. Z. Dubiel
In several studies the HLA system has been implicated in the development of asthma, but the importance of the associations between HLA genes and asthma remains unclear. The aim of this study was to ...determine the HLA class I and II phenotypic frequencies in a population of asthmatics, and to analyse the relationship between these phenotypes and any type of asthma. We typed HLA class I and II antigens in a series of 189 asthmatic individuals (102 atopic and 87 non‐atopic), and in a control population of 150 unrelated healthy Caucasoid donors. When the HLA phenotypic frequencies were compared, no statistical differences were found. Therefore, no definitive HLA association could be established with atopic or non‐atopic asthma in the studied population.
Abbreviations AA, atopic asthma; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; NAA, non‐atopic asthma; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SSOP, sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes; SPT, skin prick test.
The granulocytic antigens NA1 and NA2 are two allelic gene products of the FcγRIIIB gene. These antigens are frequently targets of granulocytic‐specific allo‐antibodies and auto‐antibodies that cause ...neutropenias. Different distributions of these antigens have been found in population studies. In our study, the genomic DNA of 345 healthy, unrelated Spanish individuals was typed for NA1 and NA2 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with sequence‐specific primers (SSP). The gene frequencies found in the Spanish population were 0.29 for NA1 and 0.71 for NA2. Flow cytometry immunotyping was also carried out in 20 of these samples, and an exact correlation was observed among the results. The gene frequencies determined in our study are similar to those reported in other Caucasian populations. The null phenotype reported in other serological studies was not found. This typing system can be used in population studies instead of serological tests as a more rapid, simple and reproducible method.
Since the 1980s, scientific research has been carried out into the molecular characterization of as yet enigmatic neutrophil allo‐antigens and as a result, the role of neutrophil‐specific allo‐antibodies in a number of clinically important situations is now well established. Allo‐immune neonatal neutropenia, chronic benign autoimmune neutropenia in infancy, and dramatic transfusion‐associated lung injury have all been linked with antibodies to neutrophil‐specific allo‐antigens such as NA1, NA2, NB1, ND1, NE1 and the recently described antigen SH (Huizinga et al., 1990; Fromont et al., 1992; Puig et al., 1995; Bux et al., 1997). Human Fcγ receptor III (FcγRIII; CD16) is encoded by two highly homologous genes. The FcγRIIIA gene, which is expressed on macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, shows no polymorphism. NA1 and NA2 are isoforms of the FcγRIIIB gene expressed on neutrophils. The two alleles differ at five nucleotides predicting four amino acid substitutions (Ory et al., 1989).
The NA antigens are usually identified by granulocyte immunofluorescence (GIFT), agglutination test (GAT) and monoclonal antibody immobilization of granulocyte antigens (MAIGA). However, serological tests sometimes prove ineffective in identifying the antigens and depend on the availability of NA‐specific sera and freshly isolated cells. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with sequence‐specific primers (SSP) provides a powerful technique for discrimination of alleles arising from single or multiple base substitutions without the use of post‐amplification procedures such as digestion with restriction enzymes (Stein et al., 1994), or hybridization with allo‐specific oligonucleotides (Stein et al., 1995). PCR‐SSP analysis has been used to determine NA gene frequencies in populations and differences in the distribution of these frequencies have been found (Bux et al., 1995; Hessner et al., 1996). In this paper, we report NA frequencies in a Spanish population from the Murcia region of Spain, using PCR‐SSP analysis, as well as the correlation with the results of immunophenotyping on blood samples from selected donors.
Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the Dynabeads DNA direct system (Dynal, Oslo, Norway), following the manufacturer’s instructions. The PCR reaction was performed in a 9600 Perkin‐Elmer thermal cycler (Perkin‐Elmer, Norwalk, CT), using the conditions previously described (Bux et al., 1995). In every assay a negative control without DNA was included to detect contamination, as well as a positive DNA control with a known genotype. Peripheral blood collected in Na2EDTA was typed using flow cytometry and anti‐NA1 (M 1390, CLB, Amsterdam, Netherlands) and anti‐NA2 (VTS‐591–5, Sera‐Lab, Sussex, UK) monoclonal antibodies following standard methods.
NA genotypes of 345 healthy, unrelated Caucasian donors from the Murcia region of Spain were determined by PCR‐SSP. The percentage of homozygous DNA samples for was 6.7 (n = 23) for NA1 and 48.9 (n = 169) for NA2, while 44.3 (n = 153) were heterozygous. No samples were found to be the null genotype, with positive amplification for the growth hormone gene and negative amplification for both NA alleles. The gene frequency, determined by the counting method, was 0.29 for NA1 and 0.71 for NA2. The 20 samples also immunophenotyped by flow cytometry showed an exact concordance with the results obtained by genotyping (data not shown).
Significant differences in NA gene frequency have been reported among population groups (Ohto & Matsuo, 1989; Fromont et al., 1992; Bux et al., 1995; Bierling et al., 1990; Muñiz‐Diaz et al., 1995; Hessner et al., 1996; data shown Table 1). The genomic frequencies that we found correlate well with those described in other studies of Caucasian populations using PCR‐SSP techniques (Bux et al., 1995; Hessner et al., 1996). As in those studies, we did not detect the presence of a null genotype, which was detected in population studies using serological techniques (Bierling et al., 1990; Fromont et al., 1992; Muñiz‐Diaz et al., 1995). This technique can identify homozygous individuals for a FcγRIIIB gene deletion (NA null), but it cannot identify heterozygous individuals for a FcγRIIIB gene deletion if they are typed as NA1 or NA2 homozygous. In some of the serological studies, the frequency of the null phenotype was lower than that originally described when carrying out new typing (NA null phenotype frequency = 0.0026 instead of 0.0045) (Bierling et al., 1990), or when there was an increase in the population typed (NA null genotype frequency = 0.06 instead of 0.08) (Muñiz‐Diaz et al., 1997). In a previous study of genomic frequencies in a Spanish population, where serological techniques were used (Muñiz‐Diaz et al., 1995), it was suggested that there was a greater frequency of null individuals in the Spanish population compared with other Caucasian groups. In our study we were unable to confirm this hypothesis. This could be due to the fact that the individuals typed came from different regions (although in HLA studies carried out in our laboratory we have not found genetic differences between the Murcia region population and the rest of the Spanish population). Other factors could be the different number of typed samples, or indeed the discrepancies caused by the different typing techniques employed.
1
. NA gene frequencies in different populations determined by serological test and PCR‐SSP
In conclusion, the gene frequencies observed in a Spanish population from the Murcia region are similar to those reported in studies of other Caucasian populations using PCR‐SSP, even though the null genotype was not found. We consider this technique to be a useful typing method for population studies which can be used instead of a serological test.
Analysis of Classified Ads Rebollo Torio, Miguel A
ANUARIO DE ESTUDIOS FILOLOGICOS XV Yearbook of Philological Studies 15, Viudas Camarasa, Antonio Ed, Caceres, Spain: Universidad de Extremadura, Servicio de Publicaciones, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, 1992, pp 279-289,
01/0001
Book Chapter
The style of Spanish classified ads appearing in the Madrid weekly Segundamano is defined by a formal & functional analysis. Although private advertisers are charged only if their ad appears more ...than once, the style is dense & telegraphic. It is proposed that the primordial function of classified ads, which are addressed not to consumers but to buyers, is the representation of information alone. Connotation has no place here, with the exception of ads for sexual services; in these, contextual inconsistencies of wording signal the real nature of what is being offered. A phatic function coexists with the representational, manifested by simple enumeration of the characteristics of the advertised object. The verb is rarely used, as it is not required as the core of the predication; consequently, subject-verb structure is unusual in this style. Adapted from the source document
Methylidyne, CH(ads), adsorbed on a Pt(211) surface and its interaction with chemisorbed hydrogen atoms was studied by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Methylidyne was formed on ...Pt(211) by methane dissociation from a molecular beam followed by thermal decomposition of the methane dissociation products. CH(ads) was detected by RAIRS via its symmetric C–H stretch vibration resulting in three discrete absorption peaks in the region of 2950–2970 cm–1. While the frequencies of the three C–H stretch peaks remain fixed, their relative intensities depend on the H(ads) co-coverage. This differs markedly from what was observed previously for the RAIR spectra of CH(ads) adsorbed on Pt(111) by the group of Trenary,1 who observed a single C–H stretch peak, which showed a continuous blue shift with increasing H(ads) coverage. Based on our experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose that the three discrete absorption peaks on Pt(211) are due to the adsorption of methylidyne on the steps of Pt(211) forming one-dimensional rows of adsorbates. Depending on the H(ads) coverage, the CH(ads) species on the step sites can have either zero, one, or two neighboring H(ads) atoms, leading to three different vibrational C–H stretch frequencies and a reversible shift in relative peak intensity depending on the H(ads) coverage.
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