Agriculture has always been an important economic and social sector for humans. Fruit production is especially essential, with a great demand from all households. Therefore, the use of innovative ...technologies is of vital importance for the agri-food sector. Currently artificial intelligence is one very important technological tool widely used in modern society. Particularly, Deep Learning (DL) has several applications due to its ability to learn robust representations from images. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) is the main DL architecture for image classification. Based on the great attention that CNNs have had in the last years, we present a review of the use of CNN applied to different automatic processing tasks of fruit images: classification, quality control, and detection. We observe that in the last two years (2019–2020), the use of CNN for fruit recognition has greatly increased obtaining excellent results, either by using new models or with pre-trained networks for transfer learning. It is worth noting that different types of images are used in datasets according to the task performed. Besides, this article presents the fundamentals, tools, and two examples of the use of CNNs for fruit sorting and quality control.
The importance of being a lumen Bischel, Lauren L.; Sung, Kyung E.; Jiménez‐Torres, José A. ...
The FASEB journal,
November 2014, 2014-Nov, 2014-11-00, 20141101, Letnik:
28, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Advances in tissue engineering and microtechnology have enabled researchers to more easily generate in vitro tissue models that mimic the tissue geometry and spatial organization found in vivo (e.g., ...vessel or mammary duct models with tubular structures). However, the widespread adoption of these models for biological studies has been slow, in part due to the lack of direct comparisons between existing 2‐dimensional and 3‐dimensional cell culture models and new organotypic models that better replicate tissue structure. Using previously developed vessel and mammary duct models with 3‐dimensional lumen structures, we have begun to explore this question. In a direct comparison between these next generation organotypic models and more traditional methods, we observed differences in the levels of several secreted growth factors and cytokines. In addition, endothelial vessel geometry profoundly affects the phenotypic behavior of carcinoma cells, suggesting that more traditional in vitro assays may not capture in vivo events. Here, we seek to review and add to the increasing evidence supporting the hypothesis that using cell culture models with more relevant tissue structure influences cell fate and behavior, potentially increasing the relevance of biological findings.—Bischel, L. L., Sung, K. E., Jiménez‐Torres, J. A., Mader, B., Keely, P. J., Beebe, D. J., The importance of being a lumen. FASEB J. 28, 4583–4590 (2014). www.fasebj.org
Summary
Plant hydraulics is crucial for assessing the plants' capacity to extract and transport water from the soil up to their aerial organs. Along with their capacity to exchange water between ...plant compartments and regulate evaporation, hydraulic properties determine plant water relations, water status and susceptibility to pathogen attacks. Consequently, any variation in the hydraulic characteristics of plants is likely to significantly impact various mechanisms and processes related to plant growth, survival and production, as well as the risk of biotic attacks and forest fire behaviour. However, the integration of hydraulic traits into disciplines such as plant pathology, entomology, fire ecology or agriculture can be significantly improved. This review examines how plant hydraulics can provide new insights into our understanding of these processes, including modelling processes of vegetation dynamics, illuminating numerous perspectives for assessing the consequences of climate change on forest and agronomic systems, and addressing unanswered questions across multiple areas of knowledge.
The possibility to monitor and evaluate power system stability in real-time is in growing demand. Whilst most stability-related studies focus on long-term voltage stability and frequency stability, ...very little attention is given to the issue of short-term (voltage) instability. In this paper, the most common evaluation methods present in the literature are summarized, with a focus on their applicability to modern power systems with a large amount of renewable energy integration. The paper presents a first-of-a-kind structured review of this topic. We find that all existing methods have noteworthy limitations that necessitate further improvements. Additionally, the need of having an inclusive short-term instability prediction method is demonstrated, due to strong interactions between various short-term instability mechanisms. These findings provide a good foundation for further research and advancement in the field of real-time stability monitoring.
The increase in frequency and intensity of drought events have hampered coffee production in the already threatened Amazon region, yet little is known about key aspects underlying the variability in ...yield potential across genotypes, nor to what extent higher productivity is linked to reduced drought tolerance. Here we explored how variations in morphoanatomical and physiological leaf traits can explain differences in yield and vulnerability to embolism in 11 Coffea canephora genotypes cultivated in the Western Amazon. The remarkable variation in coffee yield across genotypes was tightly related to differences in their carbon assimilation and water transport capacities, revealing a diffusive limitation to photosynthesis linked by hydraulic constraints. Although a clear trade‐off between water transport efficiency and safety was not detected, all the studied genotypes operated in a narrow and/or negative hydraulic safety margin, suggesting a high vulnerability to leaf hydraulic failure (HF), especially on the most productive genotypes. Modelling exercises revealed that variations in HF across genotypes were mainly associated with differences in leaf water vapour leakage when stomata are closed, reflecting contrasting growth strategies. Overall, our results provide a new perspective on the challenges of sustaining coffee production in the Amazon region under a drier and warmer climate.
Summary statement
By combining morphoanatomical analysis with modelling exercises, we revealed that traits associated with high yield lead to increased vulnerability to leaf drought‐induced mortality in cultivars of Coffea canephora, evidencing a worrying scenario for coffee production in a warmer and drier world.
Eutypa lata is the most common diatrypaceous fungus in grapevine cankers. This study was undertaken to determine the presence and diversity of other members of the Diatrypaceae in grapevines in ...California. We isolated into pure culture 11 species of Diatrypaceae from the wood of diseased grapevines including Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis, Cryptovalsa ampelina, Diatrype oregonensis, D. stigma, D. whitmanensis, Diatrype sp., Diatrypella verrucaeformis and four putative species of Eutypella. Species were identified or grouped morphologically and by phylogenetic analyses of the complete sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rDNA and β-tubulin gene. Diatrypaceous fungi also occurred frequently on the native flora surrounding vineyards, thus serving as possible inoculum sources for these putative pathogens.
Government size and automation Casas, Pablo; Torres, José L.
International tax and public finance,
06/2024, Letnik:
31, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper explores the consequences of automation for public finance. We find that as the automation rate increases, the government size, measured as the fiscal revenues to output ratio, declines. ...This is due to the substitution of traditional inputs, which bear the burden of taxes, by the new automatic technology. These results are explained by the effects of automation on labor, where taxation of labor income (including social security contributions) represents the most important source of fiscal revenues in most advanced economies. The paper conducts two additional counterfactual experiments. First, we calculate how individual tax rates should be changed in response to automation in order to maintain constant fiscal revenues from the different sources of taxes. This experiment reveals that this fiscal policy would have significantly detrimental effects on output and labor, and indicates that a comprehensive reform of the current tax mix is necessary to counterbalance the effects of automation on public finance. Second, we calculate the tax rate on capital, without modifying the other tax rates, required to keep constant the size of the government, resulting in a capital income tax rate of around 0.77 for an automation rate of
45
%
.
Bunching: una revisión Torres Remírez, José
Trimestre económico,
10/2023, Letnik:
90, Številka:
360
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
La progresividad del sistema fiscal descansa en el impuesto sobre la renta de las personas físicas en la mayoría de los países avanzados. Sin embargo, esta estructura genera cambios en el ...comportamiento de los contribuyentes. La ineficiencia fiscal es medida con el cambio de comportamiento de los individuos; el agrupamiento es una de las últimas maneras de medirla. En la última década las investigaciones sobre agrupamiento han encontrado ciertas tendencias comunes para cualquier contribuyente. Con esta revisión de la literatura, se pretende mostrar las lecciones aprendidas con el fin de incrementar la eficiencia impositiva. Los contribuyentes que optan por agruparse son aquellos con rentas bajas y aquellos cuyas rentas provienen del empleo por cuenta propia. Este conocimiento hace posible delimitar las políticas que puedan hacer los encargados de la política fiscal.
To describe what is, to our knowledge, the first nosocomial outbreak of infection with pan-drug-resistant (including colistin-resistant) Acinetobacter baumannii, to determine the risk factors ...associated with these types of infections, and to determine their clinical impact.
Nested case-control cohort study and a clinical-microbiological study.
A 1,521-bed tertiary care university hospital in Seville, Spain.
Case patients were inpatients who had a pan-drug-resistant A. baumannii isolate recovered from a clinical or surveillance sample obtained at least 48 hours after admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) during the time of the epidemic outbreak. Control patients were patients who were admitted to any of the "boxes" (ie, rooms that partition off a distinct area for a patient's bed and the equipment needed to care for the patient) of an ICU for at least 48 hours during the time of the epidemic outbreak.
All the clinical isolates had similar antibiotic susceptibility patterns (ie, they were resistant to all the antibiotics tested, including colistin), and, on the basis of repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction, it was determined that all of them were of the same clone. The previous use of quinolones and glycopeptides and an ICU stay were associated with the acquisition of infection or colonization with pan-drug-resistant A. baumannii. To control this outbreak, we implemented the following multicomponent intervention program: the performance of environmental decontamination of the ICUs involved, an environmental survey, a revision of cleaning protocols, active surveillance for colonization with pan-drug-resistant A. baumannii, educational programs for the staff, and the display of posters that illustrate contact isolation measures and antimicrobial use recommendations.
We were not able to identify the common source for these cases of infection, but the adopted measures have proven to be effective at controlling the outbreak.
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