Vu Gia-Thu Bon (VGTB) river basin is an area where flash flood and heavy flood events occur frequently, negatively impacting the local community and socio-economic development of Quang Nam Province. ...In recent years, structural and non-structural solutions have been implemented to mitigate damages due to floods. However, under the impact of climate change, natural disasters continue to happen unpredictably day by day. It is, therefore, necessary to develop a spatial decision support system for real-time flood warnings in the VGTB river basin, which will support in ensuring the area's socio-economic development. The main purpose of this study is to develop an online flood warning system in real-time based on Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies, GIS, telecommunications, and modeling (Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS)) in order to support the local community in the vulnerable downstream areas in the event of heavy rainfall upstream. The structure of the designed system consists of these following components: (1) real-time hydro-meteorological monitoring network, (2) IoT communication infrastructure (Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), wireless networks), (3) database management system (bio-physical, socio-economic, hydro-meteorological, and inundation), (4) simulating and predicting model (SWAT, HEC-RAS), (5) automated simulating and predicting module, (6) flood warning module via short message service (SMS), (7) WebGIS, application for providing and managing hydro-meteorological and inundation data, and (8) users (citizens and government officers). The entire operating processes of the flood warning system (i.e., hydro-meteorological data collecting, transferring, updating, processing, running SWAT and HEC-RAS, visualizing) are automated. A complete flood warning system for the VGTB river basin has been developed as an outcome of this study, which enables the prediction of flood events 5 h in advance and with high accuracy of 80%.
Objective
Antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria may be transmitted between farm workers and livestock. This study aimed to determine and compare the prevalence and the genetic determinants of ...cefotaxime‐resistant and ESBL‐producing Escherichia coli in faecal isolates from workers and pigs at 100 farms in northern Vietnam.
Methods
Farmers were interviewed about antimicrobial usage in livestock. Escherichia coli isolated on MacConkey agar containing 2 mg/l of cefotaxime (CTX) were tested for susceptibility to different cephalosporins by disc diffusion and screened for occurrence of ESBL‐encoding genes by PCR.
Results
Antimicrobial usage was widespread and included classes regarded of critical or high importance in human medicine. Dosages were 0.5–2 times higher than recommended, and antimicrobials were often administered right until slaughter. Prevalence of CTX‐resistant E. coli was 86% in farm workers and 89% in pigs. In 76% of farms, CTX‐resistant E. coli were shared by pigs and farm workers. ESBL‐producing E. coli were detected from pigs and workers at 66 and 69 farms, respectively. The ESBL phenotype was mainly mediated by CTX‐M and to a lesser extent by TEM. Occurrence of blaCTX‐M was similar in E. coli from pigs (66.7%) and humans (68.5%).
Conclusion
The high occurrence of ESBL‐producing E. coli in pig farmers and pigs could present a risk for spillover of these bacteria from pig farms into the community. Genomic studies are needed to elucidate reservoirs and transmission routes of ESBL‐producing E. coli at livestock farms.
Objectif
Les bactéries résistantes aux antimicrobiens peuvent être transmises entre les ouvriers agricoles et le bétail. Cette étude visait à déterminer et à comparer la prévalence et les déterminants génétiques de E. coli résistant au cefotaxime et productrice de BLSE dans des isolats fécaux d'ouvriers agricoles et de porcs dans 100 fermes dans le nord du Vietnam.
Méthodes
Les agriculteurs ont été interrogés sur l'utilisation des antimicrobiens dans le bétail. E. coli isolé sur gélose MacConkey contenant 2 mg/L de cefotaxime (CTX) a été testé pour sa sensibilité à différentes céphalosporines par diffusion sur disque et criblé pour la présence de gènes codant pour les BLSE par PCR. L'utilisation d'antimicrobiens était répandue et comprenait des classes considérées d'importance critique ou élevée en médecine humaine. Les doses étaient de 0,5 à 2 fois plus élevées que celles recommandées et les antimicrobiens étaient souvent administrés jusqu’à l'abattage.
Résultats
La prévalence d’E. coli résistant au CTX était de 86% chez les ouvriers agricoles et de 89% chez les porcs. Dans 76% des fermes, les E. coli résistants au CTX étaient partagés par les porcs et les ouvriers agricoles. E. coli producteur de BLSE a été détecté chez des porcs et des ouvriers dans 66 et 69 fermes, respectivement. Le phénotype BLSE était principalement médié par CTX‐M et dans une moindre mesure par TEM. La présence de blaCTX‐M était similaire chez E. coli isolés des porcs (66,7%) et des humains (68,5%).
Conclusion
La présence élevée d’E. Coli producteurs de BLSE chez les éleveurs de porcs et chez les porcs pourrait présenter un risque de débordement de ces bactéries des élevages de porcs vers la communauté. Des études génomiques sont nécessaires pour élucider les réservoirs et les voies de transmission des E. coli producteurs de BLSE dans les fermes d’élevage.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a promising drug delivery vehicle as they are biocompatible and capable of targeted delivery. However, clinical translation of EVs remains challenging due ...to the lack of standardized and scalable manufacturing protocols to consistently isolate small EVs (sEVs) with both high yield and high purity. The heterogenous nature of sEVs leading to unknown composition of biocargos causes further pushback due to safety concerns. In order to address these issues, we developed a robust quality‐controlled multi‐stage process to produce and isolate sEVs from human embryonic kidney HEK293F cells. We then compared different 2‐step and 3‐step workflows for eliminating protein impurities and cell‐free nucleic acids to meet acceptable limits of regulatory authorities. Our results showed that sEV production was maximized when HEK293F cells were grown at high‐density stationary phase in semi‐continuous culture. The novel 3‐step workflow combining tangential flow filtration, sucrose‐cushion ultracentrifugation and bind‐elute size‐exclusion chromatography outperformed other methods in sEV purity while still preserved high yield and particle integrity. The purified HEK293F‐derived sEVs were thoroughly characterized for identity including sub‐population analysis, content profiling including proteomics and miRNA sequencing, and demonstrated excellent preclinical safety profile in both in‐vitro and in‐vivo testing. Our rigorous enrichment workflow and comprehensive characterization will help advance the development of EVs, particularly HEK293F‐derived sEVs, to be safe and reliable drug carriers for therapeutic applications.
The city Ho Chi Minh (HCMC) is one of the largest cities in Vietnam with the most dramatically economic development rate. Along with the economic development, the urbanization process in this city is ...also taking place very fastly. Due to the rapid urbanization and development, the emission rate from the industry and transportation leads to the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) which has been worsening the climate change. Protecting forests and conducting afforestation so that CO2 is transformed to nutrition through photosynthetic conversion is one of the most effective ways to mitigate the effects of climate change. As a result, the accumulation of CO2 emissions has become a global concern. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide, helps to conserve the environment, produces oxygen, reduces noise, and helps to stabilize subsurface water. This paper highlights the results of ENVI software which was used to interpret remote sensing images and Arcgis to evaluate the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by vegetation in each administrative unit: district in HCMC and ward. According to the obtained results, the amount of CO2 absorbed in urban districts “District 1”, “District 3”, “District 4”, “District 5”, “Phu Nhuan District” is immensely low due to the high population density in the center of city. The population is mainly concentrated in the center districts but land area for vegetation is low. Regarding the suburban area, with mangrove forests, Can Gio District has the highest amount of CO2 absorbed of 35,894.075 tons/day and followed by Cu Chi District with 21,548.48 tons/day. It can be indicated that Can Gio and Cu Chi districts improtantly function like the greenhouse gas sinks for the whole HCMC. The success of this study could contribute to climate change mitigation and support in urban and land planning, as well as resettlement policies. Aside from that, CO2 emission and absorption assessment and evaluation in large–scale cities like HCMC has become a crucial, urgent, and practical issue nowadays.
Abstract
Background
The CryptoDex trial showed that dexamethasone caused poorer clinical outcomes and slowed fungal clearance in human immunodeficiency virus–associated cryptococcal meningitis. We ...analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine concentrations from participants over the first week of treatment to investigate mechanisms of harm and test 2 hypotheses: (1) dexamethasone reduced proinflammatory cytokine concentrations, leading to poorer outcomes and (2) leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) genotype influenced the clinical impact of dexamethasone, as observed in tuberculous meningitis.
Methods
We included participants from Vietnam, Thailand, and Uganda. Using the Luminex system, we measured CSF concentrations of the following: interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, and interleukin 6, 12p70, 8, 4, 10, and 17. We determined the LTA4H genotype based on the promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphism rs17525495. We assessed the impact of dexamethasone on cytokine concentration dynamics and the association between cytokine concentration dynamics and fungal clearance with mixed effect models. We measured the influence of LTA4H genotype on outcomes with Cox regression models.
Results
Dexamethasone increased the rate TNF-α concentration’s decline in (−0.13 log2pg/mL/d (95% confidence interval, −.22 to −.06 log2pg/mL/d; P = .03), which was associated with slower fungal clearance (correlation, −0.62; 95% confidence interval, −.83 to −.26). LTA4H genotype had no statistically significant impact on outcome or response to dexamethasone therapy. Better clinical outcomes were associated with higher baseline concentrations of interferon γ.
Conclusions
Dexamethasone may slow fungal clearance and worsen outcomes by increasing TNF-α concentration’s rate of decline.
We investigated clinical and microbiological impacts of longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid cytokine concentrations in human immunodeficiency virus–associated cryptococcal meningitis, and interactions with dexamethasone therapy or leukotriene A4 hydrolase genotype. We found that faster declines in tumor necrosis factor α were associated with reduced fungal clearance.
The city Ho Chi Minh (HCMC) is one of the largest cities in Vietnam with the most dramatically economic development rate. Along with the economic development, the urbanization process in this city is ...also taking place very fastly. Due to the rapid urbanization and development, the emission rate from the industry and transportation leads to the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) which has been worsening the climate change. Protecting forests and conducting afforestation so that CO
2
is transformed to nutrition through photosynthetic conversion is one of the most effective ways to mitigate the effects of climate change. As a result, the accumulation of CO
2
emissions has become a global concern. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide, helps to conserve the environment, produces oxygen, reduces noise, and helps to stabilize subsurface water. This paper highlights the results of ENVI software which was used to interpret remote sensing images and Arcgis to evaluate the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by vegetation in each administrative unit: district in HCMC and ward. According to the obtained results, the amount of CO
2
absorbed in urban districts “District 1”, “District 3”, “District 4”, “District 5”, “Phu Nhuan District” is immensely low due to the high population density in the center of city. The population is mainly concentrated in the center districts but land area for vegetation is low. Regarding the suburban area, with mangrove forests, Can Gio District has the highest amount of CO
2
absorbed of 35,894.075 tons/day and followed by Cu Chi District with 21,548.48 tons/day. It can be indicated that Can Gio and Cu Chi districts improtantly function like the greenhouse gas sinks for the whole HCMC. The success of this study could contribute to climate change mitigation and support in urban and land planning, as well as resettlement policies. Aside from that, CO
2
emission and absorption assessment and evaluation in large–scale cities like HCMC has become a crucial, urgent, and practical issue nowadays.
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