The NuMI neutrino beam Andrews, M.; Anghel, I.; Barish, B. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/2015, Letnik:
806, Številka:
C
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Our paper describes the hardware and operations of the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam at Fermilab. It elaborates on the design considerations for the beam as a whole and for individual ...elements. The most important part of our design details pertaining to individual components is described. Beam monitoring systems and procedures, including the tuning and alignment of the beam and NuMI long-term performance, are also discussed.
A new technique of the Ionization Neutron Calorimeter (INCA) to be installed aboard a satellite or a space station is capable of opening new horizons for cosmic-ray physics. The main goal of the ...experiment proposed is studying local nearby sources of high-energy cosmic rays by measuring the spectrum and composition of the nuclear component with the energy resolution of better than 30% that is sufficient for solution of these problems in the energy range 0.1–10 PeV, i.e., in the so-called “knee” region, and the spectrum of primary electrons in the energy range 0.1–10 TeV with the proton-background suppression factor up to 10
7. In addition, this experiment can provide new information on the cosmic-ray gamma-radiation in the energy interval 30 GeV–1 TeV, neutrons and gamma-rays from solar flares, and the existence of very massive exotic charged particles in cosmic radiation. The INCA is a calorimeter combining properties of conventional ionization calorimeters and classical neutron monitors. It can measure both the ionization produced by charged particles and evaporation neutrons arising as a result of excitation of heavy-absorber nuclei by cascade particles. The advantages of the INCA are not only excellent electron–proton separation but a high geometry factor of about
2
m
2
sr/
ton
owing to the INCA optimized composition and shape, whereas conventional ionization calorimeters are usually limited by geometry factor on the order of
0.1
m
2
sr/
ton
. To verify the INCA concept, a prototype was constructed and exposed to pion and proton accelerator beams with energies of 4 and 70 GeV, respectively, and to an electron beam with an energy of 200–550 MeV. The experimental data obtained agree well with the results of a Monte Carlo simulation by the SHIELD code.
The modern concept of the INCA project elements Ammosov, V.V.; Britvich, G.I.; Chubenko, A.P. ...
Nuclear physics. Section B, Proceedings supplement,
2006, 2006-1-00, Letnik:
151, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Elements of an ionization-neutron calorimeter designed to study the spectrum and composition of the primary cosmic radiation up to energies of
∼
10
16
eV
and based on new technologies are considered.
The modern conception of the INCA project Aleksandrov, K.V.; Ammosov, V.V.; Chechin, V.A. ...
Nuclear physics. Section B, Proceedings supplement,
07/2003, Letnik:
122
Journal Article
The goals and status of the INCA Project are presented. New technique based on the ionization-neutron calorimeter (INCA) and designed to study the energy spectrum and composition of the primary ...cosmic radiation in the “knee” region as well as the spectrum of primary electrons in the range 0.1–10 TeV is discussed.
The INCA project: present status and outlook Aleksandrov, K.V.; Ammosov, V.V.; Chechin, V.A. ...
Nuclear physics. Section B, Proceedings supplement,
12/2002, Letnik:
113, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Scientific objectives, foundations, status, and outlook of the INCA Project are presented. Fundamentally new technique based on the ionization-neutron calorimeter (INCA) and designed to study local ...nearby sources of high-energy cosmic rays by direct measuring the spectrum and composition of the nuclear component in the “knee” region and the spectrum of primary electrons in the energy range 0.1–10 TeV with the proton-background suppression factor up to 10
7 is discussed. Experimental data on exposition of the INCA prototypes to electron, pion, and proton beams at various energies and corresponding simulation results are presented. Prospects are considered.
The article is devoted to the issues of program and methodological support of the educational process in the preparation of undergraduates. In accordance with the requirements of educational ...standards for magistracy, the author considers a competency-based approach to the educational process in a university. The effectiveness of the developed electronic-methodical complexes according to the programs of educational training of the magistracy is noted. The author also describes the developed electronic courses
Published data on the structural characteristics of the local surrounding of lanthanide ions in aqueous solutions of respective salts obtained by different research methods under standard conditions ...are reviewed. Structural parameters like the coordination number, interparticle distance, parameters of the second coordination sphere, and types of ionic association are discussed.
Aqueous solutions of gadolinium chloride and gadolinium nitrate are studied by X-ray diffraction over wide ranges of concentrations under standard temperature and pressure. Small-angle peaks on ...measured scattering intensity curves are interpreted. Small-angle peaks are found not only on the intensity curves for concentrated solutions, but also on those for dilute systems, and this proves that these systems retain a long-range order. Diverse types of ion-ion interactions are shown to be the major contributors to the overall scattering pattern that are responsible for the appearance of pre-peaks.
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