Reconstruction of the Nose Joseph, Andrew W; Truesdale, Carl; Baker, Shan R
Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America,
02/2019, Letnik:
27, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Nasal reconstructive techniques have advanced significantly over the past 50 years. Modern techniques in nasal reconstruction are based on the nasal aesthetic subunits. In order to achieve ideal ...outcomes, reconstructive surgeons must consider differences in tissue qualities across the nasal aesthetic subunits and formulate reconstructive plans based on these differences. Local flaps, skin grafts, and several types of interpolated flaps comprise the most commonly used techniques for nasal reconstruction. Defects that involve structural or internal lining defects require reconstruction of significantly higher complexity.
Elucidation of the complex interactions of life-history characteristics that affect genetic structure within and among populations is important in assessing implications for a species' conservation ...and evolutionary potential. Gene frequency data from 245 individuals from the four California populations of Cupressus forbesii, a serotinous, edaphically restricted, near-endemic conifer were used to investigate temporal and spatial patterns in population genetic structure. Mean values for the proportion of polymorphic loci (P), observed heterozygosity ($H_o$), expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) and mean number of alleles per locus (A) of 0.314 ± 0.035, 0.080 + 0.021, 0.112 ± 0.019 and 1.224 ± 0.059, respectively, for the four C. forbesii populations are lower than those reported for most conifer species. Significant spatial heterogeneity in allele frequencies was observed on both a populational and subpopulational level. Approximately 16% of all allozymic variation documented in C. forbesii was attributed to populational differences, whereas 2 to 20% was attributable to differences among subpopulations within populations. There was a strong positive correlation between heterozygosity and age and a strong positive correlation between mean number of alleles per locus and mean fire interval of the subpopulations studied. Randomization testing revealed that these associations are not likely to have arisen purely by chance. Though significant spatial barriers exist in this species, genetic distance was not significantly associated with geographic distance. /// La elucidación de las complejas interacciones de las características de la historia de vida que afectan la estructura genética dentro y entre las poblaciones es importante para evaluar las implicaciones para la conservación de una especie y su potencíal evolutivo. Los datos de la frecuencia genética de 245 individuos de las cuarto poblaciones californianas de Cupressusforbesii, una conifera casi endémica de cono cerrado y edíficamente restringida, fueron usados para investigar los diseños temporales y espaciales en la estructura genética poblacional. Los valores promedio de la proporción de los loci polimórficos (P), la heterozigocidad observada ($H_o$), la heterozigocidad esperada ($H_e$) y el número promedio de alelos por locus (A) de 0.314±0.035, 0.080±0.021, 0.112±0.019 y 1.224±0.059, respectivamente, para las cuarto poblaciones de C. forbesii son más bajos que los que han sido reportados para la mayoráa de las especies coníferas. Se observó una heterogeneidad espacial significativa en la frcuencia de los alelos a nivel poblacional y subpoblacional. Aproximadamente 16% de toda la variación alozimática documentada en C. forbesii fue atribuida a las diferencias poblacionales, mientras que 2 a 20% fue atribuida a diferencias entre subpoblaciones dentro de poblaciones. Hubo una firme y positiva correlación entre la heterozigocidad y la edad, y una firme y positiva correlación entre el nfimero promedio de alelos por locus y el intervalo promedio de incendios en las subpoblaciones estudiadas. Pruebas estadísticas (randomization tests) revelaron que estas asociaciones no surgieron sólo por casualidad. Aunque existen obstáculos espaciales significativos en esta especie, la distancia genetica no estuvo significativamente asociada con la distancia geográfica.
The pattern of genetic variation within and among 13 natural populations (294 individuals) representing the four varieties of Isomeris arbórea (Capparaceae) throughout its range in California was ...investigated with allozyme electrophoresis. Thirty enzyme loci were examined. Low genetic diversity within populations (A = 1.18, P = 0.139, HE = 0.051 and Ho = 0.051) and significant genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.462) were found. A relatively large number of private alíeles (9) were detected as well as several unique alíeles confined to single varieties. We found a relatively high proportion of total genetic diversity (45%) among varieties and a significant correlation (P < 0.001) between FST and geographic distance. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated clines in genetic diversity measures, from East to West and South to North. Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) clearly demonstrated division into a minimum of two groups. The above observations together with low gene flow estimates suggest genetic drift by isolation may have been critical to the current genetic structure of the species. We tentatively argue, based on our results, that variety globosa may be deserving of subspecies status.
High-resolution climate model simulations and a tropical cyclone damage model are used to simulate the economic damage due to tropical cyclones. The damage model produces reasonable damage estimates ...compared to observations. The climate model produces realistically intense tropical cyclones over a historical simulation, with significant basin scale correlation of the inter-annual variability of cyclone numbers to observed storm numbers. However, the climate model produces too many moderate tropical cyclones, particularly in the N. Pacific. Annual mean cyclone damage with simulated storms is similar to estimates with the damage model and observed storms, and with actual economic losses. Ensembles of future simulations with different mitigation scenarios and different sea surface temperatures (SSTs), as well as societal changes, are used to assess future projections of cyclone damage. Damage estimates are highly dependent on the internal variability of the coupled system. Using different ensemble members or different SSTs affects damage results by ±40 %. Experiments indicate that despite decreases in storm numbers in the future, strong landfalling storms increase in E. Asia, increasing global storm damage by ∼50 % in 2070 over 2015. Little significant benefit is seen from mitigation, but only one ensemble is available. Projected increases in vulnerable assets increase damage from simulated storms by more than threefold (∼300 %, assuming no adaptation) indicating future growth will swamp potential changes in tropical cyclones.
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