Nowa Huta, która powstała w 1949 roku jako odrębne miasto, już po dwóch latach została przyłączona do Krakowa, stając się jedną z jego dzielnic. Od samego początku w okolicy placu Centralnego, ...zgodnie z zamierzeniami planistów, wykształciło się centrum Nowej Huty – obok centrum Krakowa najbardziej rozpoznawalne centrum (subcentrum / centrum dzielnicowe) tego miasta. W okresie socjalistycznym Nowa Huta, będąca składową Krakowa, dawała jednocześnie mieszkańcom poczucie odrębności, głównie poprzez rolę, jaką dla zaspokojenia ich potrzeb odgrywał pobliski kombinat metalurgiczny. W okresie transformacji społeczno-ekonomicznej rola tego kombinatu znacznie się zmniejszyła. Dzielnica pogrążyła się w kryzysie ekonomicznym i społecznym. Równocześnie rosła integracja przestrzenna i społeczna dzielnicy z resztą miasta. W Nowej Hucie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jej centrum, zaobserwowano kryzys lokalnych funkcji handlowo-usługowych. Dotychczasowe unikalne funkcje centrum zaczęły się dewaluować. Mimo początków rewitalizacji miejsca obserwujemy systematyczny proces zaniku funkcji centralnych omawianego obszaru, chociaż jako element układu urbanistycznego i w świadomości mieszkańców oraz innych użytkowników nadal funkcjonuje on jako centrum Nowej Huty. Omawiane zjawisko utraty funkcji centralnych tej części dzielnicy powinno stanowić wyzwanie dla decydentów podejmujących działania związane z rozwojem miasta.
Multi-airport systems work as the competition for aerotropolis concept as the solution for organizing aviation nodesfor great cities. As a part of the paper Author identified multi-airport systems in ...the world. Features of their location andthe results of development paths analysis are presented. Author took under consideration primary functions of objects thatbuild such system with their further transition. This approach gave the possibility to outline multi-airport systems genesisand differentiation. Paper is finished with the attempt to evaluate the advantages of multi-airport systems compared to theaerotropolis concept.
•We examined the evolution of European land management over the past 200 years.•The study was based on 28 country-level narratives on drivers of land use-change.•7 land-management regimes were ...identified along with their drivers.•Land reforms and technological innovations were major drivers of regime change.•Land-system changes should be conceived as path-dependent processes.
Land use is a cornerstone of human civilization, but also intrinsically linked to many global sustainability challenges—from climate change to food security to the ongoing biodiversity crisis. Understanding the underlying technological, institutional and economic drivers of land-use change, and how they play out in different environmental, socio-economic and cultural contexts, is therefore important for identifying effective policies to successfully address these challenges. In this regard, much can be learned from studying long-term land-use change. We examined the evolution of European land management over the past 200 years with the aim of identifying (1) key episodes of changes in land management, and (2) their underlying technological, institutional and economic drivers. To do so, we generated narratives elaborating on the drivers of land use-change at the country level for 28 countries in Europe. We qualitatively grouped drivers into land-management regimes, and compared changes in management regimes across Europe. Our results allowed discerning seven land-management regimes, and highlighted marked heterogeneity regarding the types of management regimes occurring in a particular country, the timing and prevalence of regimes, and the conditions that result in observed bifurcations. However, we also found strong similarities across countries in the timing of certain land-management regime shifts, often in relation to institutional reforms (e.g., changes in EU agrarian policies or the emergence and collapse of the Soviet land management paradigm) or to technological innovations (e.g., drainage pipes, tillage and harvesting machinery, motorization, and synthetic fertilizers). Land reforms frequently triggered changes in land management, and the location and timing of reforms had substantial impacts on land-use outcomes. Finally, forest protection policies and voluntary cooperatives were important drivers of land-management changes. Overall, our results demonstrate that land-system changes should not be conceived as unidirectional developments following predefined trajectories, but rather as path-dependent processes that may be affected by various drivers, including sudden events.
In the past historical periods, each particular region of Poland was developing - in a sense - as separate organism; some of them were achieving a relative rise in the economic hierarchy, whereas ...some other were plunging in backwardness. These disparities have remained very distinctive until today, especially between the rural areas of different parts of the country. The aim of this paper is to determine diversifications of economic development level in four selected regions of Poland (Little Poland - pol. Małopolska, West Pomerania, Lower Silesia and the Lublin Region), measured as the localisation range and characteristics of big and medium enterprises in rural areas. Another objective was to observe the relation between localisation and characteristics of those enterprises and the general initiative of local inhabitants. The analyses carried out for this paper have served to create a typology of communes, depending on the number of workplaces in big and medium enterprises in this areas, as well as the general initiative of inhabitants, which then enabled the assessment of economic disparities between rural areas of selected Polish regions
Spatial Distribution of EU Structural Funds in Poland in 2004-2006 - Factors, Directions, and Limitations In 2004, Poland joined the European Union. This access means the possibility of taking ...advantage of European Union Structural Funds. Apart from this the structural funds play another important role. The popularity of the idea of European integration in countries like Poland depends largely on the effectiveness of this financial support, which theoretically should lead to economic and social development on different levels (local, regional, national, and even continental). The main problem of relying on EU funds is their unequal availability, which is limited, for example, because of the granting principles. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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